Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database -- Query Results

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Author	Fairhurst, S.; Gallistel, C.R.; Gibbon, J.
Title	Temporal landmarks: proximity prevails			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	6	Issue	2	Pages	113-120
Keywords	Animals; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Reaction Time; *Time Perception
Abstract	Subjects in conditioning experiments time their conditioned responses relative to the onsets of the conditioned stimuli (CSs). These onsets are temporal landmarks, by reference to which subjects may estimate the location of the unconditioned stimulus (US) in time. In a serial compound conditioning paradigm, a long duration CS comes on first, followed later by a second shorter CS, creating both a long-range and a short-range predictor of the US. We ask whether displacing the short-range predictor relative to the long-range predictor causes subjects to strike a compromise between the different temporal locations predicted by the two CSs. In three experiments with pigeons, we varied the training conditions so as to favor or militate against this outcome. However, in all conditions, there was no compromise; after the onset of the displaced short-range CS, the timing of conditioned responding was governed by it alone. This result contrasts with the compromises that are seen when the feeding time predicted by a CS is put in conflict with the time predicted by the circadian clock, and with the similar compromises sometimes seen when a nearby spatial landmark is displaced relative to a larger spatial context.
Address	New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr., Unit 50, New York, NY 10032, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12720110			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2573
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Author	Bender, C.; Herzing, D.; Bjorklund, D.
Title	Evidence of teaching in atlantic spotted dolphins ( Stenella frontalis ) by mother dolphins foraging in the presence of their calves			Type	Journal Article
Year	2009	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	12	Issue	1	Pages	43-53
Keywords
Abstract	Teaching is a powerful form of social learning, but there is little systematic evidence that it occurs in species other than humans. Using long-term video archives the foraging behaviors by mother Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) were observed when their calves were present and when their calves were not present, including in the presence of non-calf conspecifics. The nine mothers we observed chased prey significantly longer and made significantly more referential body-orienting movements in the direction of the prey during foraging events when their calves were present than when their calves were not present, regardless of whether they were foraging alone or with another non-calf dolphin. Although further research into the potential consequences for the naive calves is still warranted, these data based on the maternal foraging behavior are suggestive of teaching as a social-learning mechanism in nonhuman animals.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4720
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Author	Uller, C.; Jaeger, R.; Guidry, G.; Martin, C.
Title	Salamanders ( Plethodon cinereus) go for more: rudiments of number in an amphibian			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	6	Issue	2	Pages	105-112
Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Mathematics; Urodela
Abstract	Techniques traditionally used in developmental research with infants have been widely used with nonhuman primates in the investigation of comparative cognitive abilities. Recently, researchers have shown that human infants and monkeys select the larger of two numerosities in a spontaneous forced-choice discrimination task. Here we adopt the same method to assess in a series of experiments spontaneous choice of the larger of two numerosities in a species of amphibian, red-backed salamanders ( Plethodon cinereus). The findings indicate that salamanders “go for more,” just like human babies and monkeys. This rudimentary capacity is a type of numerical discrimination that is spontaneously present in this amphibian.
Address	Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504-3772, USA. uller@louisiana.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12709845			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2575
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Author	Agrillo, C.; Dadda, M.; Bisazza, A.
Title	Quantity discrimination in female mosquitofish			Type	Journal Article
Year	2007	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	63-70
Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Cyprinodontiformes; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Mathematics; *Pattern Recognition, Visual
Abstract	The ability in animals to count and represent different numbers of objects has received a great deal of attention in the past few decades. Cumulative evidence from comparative studies on number discriminations report obvious analogies among human babies, non-human primates and birds and are consistent with the hypothesis of two distinct and widespread mechanisms, one for counting small numbers (<4) precisely, and one for quantifying large numbers approximately. We investigated the ability to discriminate among different numerosities, in a distantly related species, the mosquitofish, by using the spontaneous choice of a gravid female to join large groups of females as protection from a sexually harassing male. In one experiment, we found that females were able to discriminate between two shoals with a 1:2 numerosity ratio (2 vs. 4, 4 vs. 8 and 8 vs. 16 fish) but failed to discriminate a 2:3 ratio (8 vs. 12 fish). In the second experiment, we studied the ability to discriminate between shoals that differed by one element; females were able to select the larger shoal when the paired numbers were 2 vs. 3 or 3 vs. 4 but not 4 vs. 5 or 5 vs. 6. Our study indicates that numerical abilities in fish are comparable with those of other non-verbal creatures studied; results are in agreement with the hypothesis of the existence of two distinct systems for quantity discrimination in vertebrates.
Address	Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy. christian.agrillo@unipd.it
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16868736			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	339
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Author	Gácsi, M.; Miklósi, Á.; Varga, O.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V.
Title	Are readers of our face readers of our minds? Dogs (Canis familiaris) show situation-dependent recognition of human's attention			Type	Journal Article
Year	2004	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	7	Issue	3	Pages	144-153
Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Cognition; Concept Formation; Cues; Dogs/psychology; Facial Expression; Female; Humans; Male; Nonverbal Communication; Recognition (Psychology); Social Behavior
Abstract	The ability of animals to use behavioral/facial cues in detection of human attention has been widely investigated. In this test series we studied the ability of dogs to recognize human attention in different experimental situations (ball-fetching game, fetching objects on command, begging from humans). The attentional state of the humans was varied along two variables: (1) facing versus not facing the dog; (2) visible versus non-visible eyes. In the first set of experiments (fetching) the owners were told to take up different body positions (facing or not facing the dog) and to either cover or not cover their eyes with a blindfold. In the second set of experiments (begging) dogs had to choose between two eating humans based on either the visibility of the eyes or direction of the face. Our results show that the efficiency of dogs to discriminate between “attentive” and “inattentive” humans depended on the context of the test, but they could rely on the orientation of the body, the orientation of the head and the visibility of the eyes. With the exception of the fetching-game situation, they brought the object to the front of the human (even if he/she turned his/her back towards the dog), and preferentially begged from the facing (or seeing) human. There were also indications that dogs were sensitive to the visibility of the eyes because they showed increased hesitative behavior when approaching a blindfolded owner, and they also preferred to beg from the person with visible eyes. We conclude that dogs are able to rely on the same set of human facial cues for detection of attention, which form the behavioral basis of understanding attention in humans. Showing the ability of recognizing human attention across different situations dogs proved to be more flexible than chimpanzees investigated in similar circumstances.
Address	Comparative Ethology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pazmany P. 1/c., 1117, Budapest, Hungary. gm.art@axelero.hu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:14669075			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2547
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Author	Kuroshima, H.; Fujita, K.; Fuyuki, A.; Masuda, T.
Title	Understanding of the relationship between seeing and knowing by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	5	Issue	1	Pages	41-48
Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Cebus/psychology; Discrimination (Psychology); Feeding Behavior/*psychology; Female; Male
Abstract	The ability of four tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) to recognize the causal connection between seeing and knowing was investigated. The subjects were trained to follow a suggestion about the location of hidden food provided by a trainer who knew where the food was (the knower) in preference to a trainer who did not (the guesser). The experimenter baited one of three opaque containers behind a cardboard screen so that the subjects could not see which of the containers hid the reward. In experiment 1, the knower appeared first in front of the apparatus and looked into each container; next, the guesser appeared but did not look into any containers. Then the knower touched the correct cup while the guesser touched one of the three randomly. The capuchin monkeys gradually learned to reach toward the cup that the knower suggested. In experiment 2, the subjects adapted to a novel variant of the task, in which the guesser touched but did not look into any of the containers. In experiment 3, the monkeys adapted again when the knower and the guesser appeared in a random order. These results suggest that capuchin monkeys can learn to recognize the relationship between seeing and knowing.
Address	Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. kuroshi@psy.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:11957401			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2611
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Author	Okamoto, S.; Tomonaga, M.; Ishii, K.; Kawai, N.; Tanaka, M.; Matsuzawa, T.
Title	An infant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) follows human gaze			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	107-114
Keywords	Animals; Animals, Newborn/psychology; Attention; Cognition; Conditioning, Operant; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Social Behavior; *Visual Perception
Abstract	The ability of non-human primates to follow the gaze of other individuals has recently received much attention in comparative cognition. The aim of the present study was to investigate the emergence of this ability in a chimpanzee infant. The infant was trained to look at one of two objects, which an experimenter indicated by one of four different cue conditions: (1) tapping on the target object with a finger; (2) pointing to the target object with a finger; (3) gazing at the target object with head orientation; or (4) glancing at the target object without head orientation. The subject was given food rewards independently of its responses under the first three conditions, so that its responses to the objects were not influenced by the rewards. The glancing condition was tested occasionally, without any reinforcement. By the age of 13 months, the subject showed reliable following responses to the object that was indicated by the various cues, including glancing alone. Furthermore, additional tests clearly showed that the subject's performance was controlled by the “social” properties of the experimenter-given cues but not by the non-social, local-enhancing peripheral properties.
Address	Department of Psychology, School of Letters, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan. sokamot@yahoo.co.jp
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12150035			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2609
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Author	Parr, L.A.
Title	Perceptual biases for multimodal cues in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) affect recognition			Type	Journal Article
Year	2004	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	7	Issue	3	Pages	171-178
Keywords	Acoustic Stimulation; Animal Communication; Animals; Auditory Perception/physiology; Cues; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Facial Expression; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Perceptual Masking/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Recognition (Psychology)/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology; Vocalization, Animal
Abstract	The ability of organisms to discriminate social signals, such as affective displays, using different sensory modalities is important for social communication. However, a major problem for understanding the evolution and integration of multimodal signals is determining how humans and animals attend to different sensory modalities, and these different modalities contribute to the perception and categorization of social signals. Using a matching-to-sample procedure, chimpanzees discriminated videos of conspecifics' facial expressions that contained only auditory or only visual cues by selecting one of two facial expression photographs that matched the expression category represented by the sample. Other videos were edited to contain incongruent sensory cues, i.e., visual features of one expression but auditory features of another. In these cases, subjects were free to select the expression that matched either the auditory or visual modality, whichever was more salient for that expression type. Results showed that chimpanzees were able to discriminate facial expressions using only auditory or visual cues, and when these modalities were mixed. However, in these latter trials, depending on the expression category, clear preferences for either the visual or auditory modality emerged. Pant-hoots and play faces were discriminated preferentially using the auditory modality, while screams were discriminated preferentially using the visual modality. Therefore, depending on the type of expressive display, the auditory and visual modalities were differentially salient in ways that appear consistent with the ethological importance of that display's social function.
Address	Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, GA 30329, Atlanta, USA. parr@rmy.emory.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:14997361			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2544
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Author	Huber, L.; Gajdon, G.K.
Title	Technical intelligence in animals: the kea model			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	295-305
Keywords	Animals; Comprehension; Intelligence; Models, Psychological; Observation; Parrots; Problem Solving; Psychological Theory; Social Environment; *Tool Use Behavior
Abstract	The ability to act on information flexibly is one of the cornerstones of intelligent behavior. As particularly informative example, tool-oriented behavior has been investigated to determine to which extent nonhuman animals understand means-end relations, object affordances, and have specific motor skills. Even planning with foresight, goal-directed problem solving and immediate causal inference have been a focus of research. However, these cognitive abilities may not be restricted to tool-using animals but may be found also in animals that show high levels of curiosity, object exploration and manipulation, and extractive foraging behavior. The kea, a New Zealand parrot, is a particularly good example. We here review findings from laboratory experiments and field observations of keas revealing surprising cognitive capacities in the physical domain. In an experiment with captive keas, the success rate of individuals that were allowed to observe a trained conspecific was significantly higher than that of naive control subjects due to their acquisition of some functional understanding of the task through observation. In a further experiment using the string-pulling task, a well-probed test for means-end comprehension, we found the keas finding an immediate solution that could not be improved upon in nine further trials. We interpreted their performance as insightful in the sense of being sensitive of the relevant functional properties of the task and thereby producing a new adaptive response without trial-and-error learning. Together, these findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the distribution of higher cognitive skills in the animal kingdom by showing high levels of sensorimotor intelligence in animals that do not use tools. In conclusion, we suggest that the 'Technical intelligence hypothesis' (Byrne, Machiavellian intelligence II: extensions and evaluations, pp 289-211, 1997), which has been proposed to explain the origin of the ape/monkey grade-shift in intelligence by a selection pressure upon an increased efficiency in foraging behavior, should be extended, that is, applied to some birds as well.
Address	Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. ludwig.huber@univie.ac.at
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16909237			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	2085
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Author	Vick, S.-J.; Bovet, D.; Anderson, J.
Title	Gaze discrimination learning in olive baboons (Papio anubis)			Type	Journal Article
Year	2001	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	4	Issue	1	Pages	1-10
Keywords
Abstract	The ability to discriminate between pairs of photographs according to the portrayed model's visual attention status was examined in four olive baboons. Two baboons successfully managed to solve the problem, even when attention was demonstrated by eye direction alone. A third showed an ability to discriminate head direction but not eye direction. In order to investigate further their ability to discriminate attention, the two successful baboons and two naïve baboons were presented with a simple object-choice task accompanied by experimenter-given cues. There was no evidence of transfer from the photographic stimuli to a real model; only one baboon showed signs of using the experimenter's attention to chose between two objects, and only after over 300 trials. These results could suggest that the baboons used simple physical cues rather than a concept of attention to solve the picture discrimination but alternative explanations are also discussed.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3348
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