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Author |
Ödberg Fo, |
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Title |
Studies on the formation of ungrazed eleminative areas in fields used by horses |
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Year |
1977 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Anim Ethol |
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3 |
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27-34 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1429 |
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Author |
Monfort, A.; Monfort, N |
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Title |
Observation of a melanistic zebra (Equus burchelli) in the Akagera |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
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E. Afr. Wildl |
Abbreviated Journal |
E. Afr. Wildl |
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15 |
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173 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2389 |
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Author |
Packer, C. |
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Title |
Reciprocal altruism in Papio anubis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
265 |
Issue |
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Pages |
441-445 |
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10.1038/265441a0 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4840 |
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Author |
Berger, J. |
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Title |
Organizational systems and dominance in feral horses in the Grand Canyon |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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2 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
131-146 |
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1. Several aspects of the behavioral ecology of feral horses (Equus caballus) were studied in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Most bands contained three to five horses that included one stallion and his harem. Males that did not obtain a harem remained solitary. Throughout the study bands remained stable in composition.
2. Home ranges for all bands decreased in size in successive warm months, probably due to increased ambient temperature and drought. This resulted in greater utilization of spring areas that led to increased interband confrontation and agonistic display.
3. Territoriality was not observed in individual horses or bands, but bands hierarchial in both inter- and intraband structures. Interband stallion dominance was reinforced through posturing and fighting. Intraband hierarchies, as determined by dominance coefficients, were independent of individual size in three of four bands.
4. Indexes of nervousness (NER), calculated while horses were drinking, showed that stallions were less nervous than mares. A low NER was correlated with individuals leading toward drinking areas, whereas a high NER existed in individuals initiating flight although no single horse acted consistently as a leader.
5. Diurnal activity patterns were correlated with ambient temperatures. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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748 |
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Author |
Alexander, F. |
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Title |
The effect of diuretics on the faecal excretion of water and electrolytes in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
British journal of pharmacology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br J Pharmacol |
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60 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
589-593 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Body Water/*metabolism; Chlorides/metabolism; Electrolytes/*metabolism; Feces/*analysis; Furosemide/*pharmacology; Horses; Hydrochlorothiazide/*pharmacology; Male; Potassium/metabolism; Sodium/metabolism; Time Factors |
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1. The effect on plasma, urinary and faecal electrolytes of frusemide and hydrochlorthiazide was measured in ponies, mean weight 180 kg. 2. The rapid loss in urine of large quantities of sodium had only a small effect on plasma sodium concentration. 3. Faecal sodium excretion was increased substantially after the administration of frusemide. 4. Frusemide increased faecal potassium during the 48 h following administration and faecal water in the 24/48 h period. It also produced a hypopotassaemia. 5. Hydrochlorthiazide increased faecal chloride during the 24 h after administration. 6. Frusemide increased the intestinal transit time of both liquid (polyethylene glycol) and particulate (Cr2O3) markers. |
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0007-1188 |
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PMID:907872 |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
111 |
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Author |
Adler, L.L.; Adler, H.E. |
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Title |
Ontogeny of observational learning in the dog (Canis familiaris) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Developmental Psychobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dev Psychobiol |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
267-271 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Dogs/*physiology; Female; Learning/*physiology; Male; Vision, Ocular/physiology |
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A split-litter technique was used to test observational learning in 4 litters of Miniature Dachshund puppies, 21, 28, 38, and 60 days old at the beginning of the experiment. In one side of a duplicate cage, one puppy of a litter, the demonstrator, learned to pull in a food cart on a runner by means of a ribbon, while another puppy, the observer, watched from an adjacent compartment, separated by a wire screen. Observational learning was demonstrated by the saving in time for the 1st trial when the observer was given the same problem to solve. Maturation, particularly the development of visual function and motor coordination, set a lower age limit for the emergence of observational learning. |
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0012-1630 |
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PMID:863122 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5186 |
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Author |
Kratzer, D.D.; Netherland, W.M.; Pulse, R.E.; Baker, J.P. |
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Title |
Maze Learning in Quarter Horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
896-902 |
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Abstract |
A two-compartment maze providing a single left- or right-side choice was used to test maze-learning ability in 37 quarter horses. Preference for left- or right-side choices varied among the horses. The taller and thinner horses tended to go left. The horses showed learning ability based on decreases in latency and decreases in errors as trials progressed in a right-side escape pattern. The rate of learning an opposite escape pattern, left-side escape, was faster but owing to the large number of errors occurring when the pattern was reversed, the level of errors did not reduce to a level comparable to that achieved in the right-side escape pattern until adverse stimuli were presented in the blind compartment. Heavier horses took longer to escape from the maze when adverse stimuli were presented. Differences in learning ability for horses fed various levels of dietary protein were not consistent. N1 - |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3574 |
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Author |
Alexander, R, MCN et al |
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Title |
Fast locomotion of some african ungulates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zool |
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Volume |
183 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
291-300 |
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Abstract |
ABSTRACT
Ten species of ungulate were filmed, galloping in their natural habitat. They ranged in size from Thomson's gazelle (about 20 kg) to giraffe (about 1000 kg). They were pursued to make them run as fast as possible. The films have been analysed to determine speed, stride frequency, stride and step lengths, and duty factors. The dependence of these quantities on body size is discussed.
Summary:
Fast locomotion of zebra, giraffe, warthog and seven species of Bovidae has been studied. The animals were filmed from a pursuing vehicle while galloping in their natural habitat.
Stride frequency was more closely correlated with limb length (represented by hip height) than with body mass. Mean stride frequency was proportional to (hip height)-0·51 and maximum stride frequency to (hip height) -0·63.
Maximum speed was between 10 and 14 m s -1 for all species except buffalo (7 m s -1). It was not significantly correlated with body mass.
Since the small species ran at least as fast as the large ones they attained higher Froude numbers. Relative stride length was approximately 1·8 (Froude number)0·39 for all species, irrespective of size. Relative step length was approximately 0·65 (Froude number)0·2, both for the fore feet and for the hind ones. The vertical forces exerted by the feet are proportional to (body weight)×(Froude number)0·2 so the forces at maximum speed are larger multiples of body weight for small species than for large ones. |
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Notes |
from Prof. Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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130 |
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Author |
Domjan, M. |
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Title |
Selective suppression of drinking during a limited period following aversive drug treatment in rats |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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3 |
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1 |
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66-76 |
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Animals; *Avoidance Learning; Awareness; Conditioning, Operant; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drinking Behavior/*drug effects; Lithium/*poisoning; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Rats; Saccharin/administration & dosage; *Taste; Time Factors |
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Administration of lithium chloride disrupted the intake of flavored solutions but not water in rats. This intake suppression was directly related to the amount of lithium administered (Experiment 1), occurred with both palatable and unpalatable novel saccharin solutions (Experiment 2), but was only observed if subjects were tested starting less than 75 min. after lithium treatment (Experiment 3). Twenty-five daily exposures to saccharin did not attenuate the effect (Experiment 4). However, in saccharin-reared and vinegar-reared rats, lithium did not disrupt consumption of the solutions these subjects had access to throughout life, even though suppressions of intake were observed when these subjects were tested with novel flavors (Experiment 5). The selective disruption of drinking is interpreted as a novelty-dependent sensitization reaction to the discomfort of aversive drug administration. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:845544 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2788 |
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Author |
Pacheco, M.A.; Herrera, E.A. |
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Title |
Social Structure of Feral Horses in the Llanos of Venezuela |
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Journal Article |
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1977 |
Publication |
Journal of Mammalogy |
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J Mammal |
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78 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
15-22 |
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Abstract |
Feral horses (Equus caballus) in the Venezuelan savannas (Ilanos) formed bands of 3-35 individuals; mean group size varied between 15 and 21. Some bands had up to three adult males, and there was a positive correlation between the number of males and the number of females in bands. Adult males also were seen solitary or formed bachelor groups. One association of three females was observed for 3 months. We noted a correlation between number of females in bands and number of foals per female born during our study (January-July 1992). The advantages of being in larger groups were unclear, because natural predators were rare. Perhaps females in larger groups have more time available for foraging due to reduced individual vigilance or that larger groups live in better-quality home ranges. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2318 |
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