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Author |
Brunner, D.; Kacelnik, A.; Gibbon, J. |
Title |
Memory for inter-reinforcement interval variability and patch departure decisions in the starling,Sturnus vulgaris |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
51 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1025-1045 |
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An experiment with starlings was conducted to investigate the effect of variability in inter-reinforcement intervals on foraging decisions. The experimental design simulated an environment in which food was distributed in patches. Patches contained zero to four food items which could be collected by pecking at a key. All patches ended with sudden depletion. The time elapsed since the last reinforcement was the only way to detect the depletion of the patch. Once a patch was depleted, a new patch could be reached by completion of a travel requirement of 20 flights between two perches. Key pecks within a patch and the time of the last response in a patch (giving-in time) were recorded. The level of variability in the inter-reinforcement intervals was varied between different conditions. An increase in inter-reinforcement interval variability resulted in a flattening of response rate functions and giving-in time distributions, and in more asymmetry of the response functions, but not of the giving-in time distributions. Two theoretical models of decision making are presented, which differ in the assumptions about memory constraints. In one case, all inter-reinforcement intervals are remembered but in the other, only the intervals with extreme values are remembered. Both models accommodate response rates as a function of trial time, but only the second is compatible with the observed departure decision. Our results are compatible with net rate maximization. |
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2109 |
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Todd, I.A.; Kacelnik, A. |
Title |
Psychological mechanisms and the Marginal Value Theorem: dynamics of scalar memory for travel time |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
46 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
765-775 |
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Abstract. The relation between memory for travel time and foraging decisions was studied experimentally. The temporal properties of two environments with patchily distributed food were simulated in the laboratory using pigeons, Columba livia, as subjects. The two environments differed in mean travel time, while the coefficient of variation of travel time and the decelerated function relating cumulative food gain to time in the patch were held constant within and between environments. Each environment contained a uniform mixture of five travel times experienced in a random order. Two of the five travel times were common in both environments. Effects of travel time were studied by comparing prey collected per patch visit (PPV) after various travel times within each environment, and by comparing patch exploitation after equal travel times between environments. Within the environment with long mean travel time (LMT) PPV was positively correlated with the last and the penultimate travel times but not with travel times before that. The increase in PPV per second of last travel time was six times greater than the increase per second of penultimate travel time, implying very steep memory discounting. In the environment with short mean travel time (SMT), there was no correlation between PPV and previous travel times. However, comparisons between environments of visits following travel times common to both environments (thus removing the effect of the last travel time) showed that substantially more prey were taken after equal travel times in the LMT than in the SMT environment. This difference cannot be accounted for by the within-environment effect of penultimate travel time, implying that there is a different, less steeply devalued, effect of the mixture of travel times. A model of information processing based on combining Scalar Expectancy Theory with the predictions of rate maximization under the Marginal Value Theorem is presented. The model can approximate the results obtained in this and previous experiments and provides a framework for further analysis of memory mechanisms of foraging behaviour. |
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2111 |
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Reboreda, J.C.; Kacelnik, A. |
Title |
On cooperation, tit-for-tat and mirros |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1990 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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40 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1188-1189 |
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2117 |
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Kacelnik, A. |
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R.C. Bolies and M.D. Beecher, Editors, Evolution and Learning, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey (1988), p. x |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1990 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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40 |
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3 |
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602-603 |
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2119 |
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Kacelnik, A. |
Title |
Information primacy or preference for familiar foraging techniques? A critique of Inglis & Ferguson |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1987 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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35 |
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3 |
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925-926 |
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2121 |
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Roberts, J.; Hunter, M.L.; Kacelnik, A. |
Title |
The ground effect and acoustic communication |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1981 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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29 |
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2 |
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633-634 |
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2123 |
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Roberts, J.; Kacelnik, A.; Hunter, M.L. |
Title |
A model of sound interference in relation to acoustic communication |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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27 |
Issue |
Part 4 |
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1271-1273 |
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2124 |
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Author |
Weir, A.A.S.; Chappell, J.; Kacelnik, A. |
Title |
Shaping of hooks in New Caledonian crows |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume |
297 |
Issue |
5583 |
Pages |
981 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Female; Male; Songbirds/*physiology |
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Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK |
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1095-9203 |
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PMID:12169726 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2842 |
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