Records |
Author |
Krueger, K.; Trager, L.; Farmer, K.; Byrne, R. |
Title |
Tool Use in Horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
Volume |
12 |
Issue |
15 |
Pages |
1876 |
Keywords |
crowdsourcing; horse; innovation; mule; management; tool use |
Abstract |
Tool use has not yet been confirmed in horses, mules or donkeys. As this subject is difficult to research with conventional methods, we used a crowdsourcing approach to gather data. We contacted equid owners and carers and asked them to report and video examples of �unusual� behaviour via a dedicated website. We also searched YouTube and Facebook for videos of equids showing tool use. From 635 reports, including 1014 behaviours, we found 20 cases of tool use, 13 of which were unambiguous in that it was clear that the behaviour was not trained, caused by reduced welfare, incidental or accidental. We then assessed (a) the effect of management conditions on tool use and (b) whether the animals used tools alone, or socially, involving other equids or humans. We found that management restrictions were associated with corresponding tool use in 12 of the 13 cases (p = 0.01), e.g., equids using sticks to scrape hay within reach when feed was restricted. Furthermore, 8 of the 13 cases involved other equids or humans, such as horses using brushes to groom others. The most frequent tool use was for foraging, with seven examples, tool use for social purposes was seen in four cases, and there was just one case of tool use for escape. There was just one case of tool use for comfort, and in this instance, there were no management restrictions. Equids therefore can develop tool use, especially when management conditions are restricted, but it is a rare occurrence. |
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Animals |
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12 |
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15 |
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2076-2615 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6695 |
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Author |
Giljov, A.; Malashichev, Y.; Karenina, K. |
Title |
What do wild saiga antelopes tell us about the relative roles of the two brain hemispheres in social interactions? |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Abstract |
Two brain hemispheres are unequally involved in the processing of social stimuli, as demonstrated in a wide range of vertebrates. A considerable number of studies have shown the right hemisphere advantage for social processing. At the same time, an approach-withdrawal hypothesis, mainly based on experimental evidence, proposes the involvement of both brain hemispheres according to approach and withdrawal motivation. The present study aimed to test the relative roles of the two hemispheres in social responses displayed in a natural context. Visual biases, implicating hemispheric lateralization, were estimated in the social interactions of saiga antelope in the wild. In individually identified males, the left/right visual field use during approach and withdrawal responses was recorded based on the lateral head/body position, relative to the conspecific. Lateralized approach responses were investigated in three types of interactions, with left visual field bias found for chasing a rival, no bias--for attacking a rival, and right visual field bias--for pursuing a female. In two types of withdrawal responses, left visual field bias was found for retreating after fighting, while no bias was evident in fight rejecting. These findings demonstrate that neither the right hemisphere advantage nor the approach-withdrawal distinction can fully explain the patterns of lateralization observed in social behaviour. It is clear that both brain hemispheres play significant roles in social responses, while their relative contribution is likely determined by a complex set of motivational and emotional factors rather than a simple dichotomous distinction such as, for example, approach versus withdrawal motivation. |
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1435-9456 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Giljov2019 |
Serial |
6569 |
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Author |
Harlow, H.F. |
Title |
Learning and satiation of response in intrinsically motivated complex puzzle performance by monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1950 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Physiol Psychol |
Volume |
43 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
289-294 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Haplorhini; *Learning; *Motivation; *Psychology; *Satiation; *Learning; *Motivation; *Psychology |
Abstract |
Two rhesus monkeys, given 60 two-hour sessions with a six-device mechanical puzzle showed clear evidence of learning, the curve showing ratio of incorrect to correct responses appearing quite comparable to similar curves obtained during externally rewarded situations. When, on the thirteenth day of tests, the subjects were presented with the puzzle 100 times at 6-minute intervals, the number of devices manipulated decreased regularly throughout the day, although there was no significant change in the number of times the problem assembly was attacked. |
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English |
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0021-9940 |
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PMID:15436888 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6550 |
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Author |
McBride, S.D.; Parker, M.O.; Roberts, K.; Hemmings, A. |
Title |
Applied neurophysiology of the horse; implications for training, husbandry and welfare |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
190 |
Issue |
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Pages |
90-101 |
Keywords |
Horse; Neurophysiology; Behaviour; Endophenotype; Equitation science; Welfare |
Abstract |
Understanding the neural circuits underlying equine behaviour has the potential to help optimise strategies of husbandry and training. This review discusses two areas of neurophysiological research in a range of species and relates this information to the horse. The first discussion focuses on mechanisms of learning and motivation and assesses how this information can be applied to improve the training of the horse. The second concerns the identification of the equine neurophysiological phenotype, through behavioural and genetic probes, as a way of improving strategies for optimal equine husbandry and training success. The review finishes by identifying directions for future research with an emphasis on how neurophysiological systems (and thus behaviour) can be modified through strategic husbandry. This review highlights how a neurophysioloigical understanding of horse behaviour can play an important role in attaining the primary objectives of equitation science as well as improving the welfare of the horse. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6627 |
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Author |
Rørvang, M.V.; Nielsen, B.L.; McLean, A.N. |
Title |
Sensory Abilities of Horses and Their Importance for Equitation Science |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
633 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Vision, hearing, olfaction, taste, and touch comprise the sensory modalities of most vertebrates. With these senses, the animal receives information about its environment. How this information is organized, interpreted, and experienced is known as perception. The study of the sensory abilities of animals and their implications for behavior is central not only to ethology but also to animal welfare. Sensory ability, perception, and behavior are closely linked. Horses and humans share the five most common sensory modalities, however, their ranges and capacities differ, so that horses are unlikely to perceive their surroundings in a similar manner to humans. Understanding equine perceptual abilities and their differences is important when horses and human interact, as these abilities are pivotal for the response of the horse to any changes in its surroundings. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the sensory abilities of horses. The information is discussed within an evolutionary context and also includes a practical perspective, outlining potential ways to mitigate risks of injuries and enhance positive horse-human interactions. The equine sensory apparatus includes panoramic visual capacities with acuities similar to those of red-green color-blind humans as well as aural abilities that, in some respects exceed human hearing and a highly developed sense of smell, all of which influence how horses react in various situations. Equine sensitivity to touch has been studied surprisingly sparingly despite tactile stimulation being the major interface of horse training. We discuss the potential use of sensory enrichment/positive sensory stimulation to improve the welfare of horses in various situations e.g. using odors, touch or sound to enrich the environment or to appease horses. In addition, equine perception is affected by factors such as breed, individuality, age, and in some cases even color, emphasizing that different horses may need different types of management. Understanding the sensory abilities of horses is central to the emerging discipline of equitation science, which comprises the gamut of horse-human interactions. Therefore, sensory abilities continue to warrant scientific focus, with more research to enable us to understand different horses and their various needs. |
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2297-1769 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6634 |
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Author |
Giraldeau, L.-A.; Lefebvre, L.; Morand-Ferron, J. |
Title |
Can a restrictive definition lead to biases and tautologies? |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Brain Sci. |
Volume |
30 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
411-412 |
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Abstract |
We argue that the operational definition proposed by Ramsey et al. does not represent a significant improvement for students of innovation, because it is so restrictive that it might actually prevent the testing of hypotheses on the relationships between innovation, ecology, evolution, culture, and intelligence. To avoid tautological thinking, we need to use an operational definition that is taxonomically unbiased and neutral with respect to the hypotheses to be tested. |
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Cambridge University Press |
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2007/12/17 |
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0140-525x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6533 |
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Author |
Sigurjónsdóttir, H.; Haraldsson, H. |
Title |
Significance of Group Composition for the Welfare of Pastured Horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
14 |
Pages |
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Keywords |
horse welfare; aggression; allogrooming; pastured horses; Icelandic horse |
Abstract |
We explore how herd composition and management factors correlate with frequencies of social interactions in horse groups. Since the welfare of horses correlates with low aggression levels and social contact opportunities, information of this kind is important. The data are a collection of records of social interactions of 426 Icelandic horses in 20 groups of at least eight horses. The complexities and limitations of the data prohibit useful statistical modelling so the results are presented descriptively. Interesting and informative patterns emerge which can be of use both in management and in future studies. Of special interest are the low levels of agonistic behaviours in breeding groups where one stallion was present. The horses were less agonistic when in groups with young foals and where group membership was stable. Unfamiliar yearlings in peer groups were especially aggressive. Allogrooming was most frequent in groups with relatively more young horses and in unstable and small groups. Interestingly, the horses allogroomed more if they had few preferred allogrooming partners. The findings show that composition (age/sex) and stability of groups are of great importance with respect to aggression levels and opportunities for establishing bonds. |
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Animals |
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9 |
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1 |
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2076-2615 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6510 |
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Author |
Iliopoulos, Y.; Sgardelis, S.; Koutis, V.; Savaris, D. |
Title |
Wolf depredation on livestock in central Greece |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Mammal Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Mamm. Reas. |
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54 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
11-22 |
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Abstract |
We studied wolfCanis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 -- livestock conflict in central Greece by investigating patterns of 267 verified wolf attacks on livestock for 21 months. Wolves attacked adult goats 43% and cattle 218% more than expected, whereas sheep 41% less than expected from their availability. Wolves killed less than four sheep or goats in 79%, and one cow or calf in 74% of depredation events, respectively. We recorded higher attack rates during wolf post-weaning season. Wolf attacks on strayed, or kept inside non predator-proof enclosures, sheep and goats, were on average two to four times respectively more destructive than those when livestock was guarded by a shepherd. Sheepdog use reduced losses per attack. Optimal sheepdog number ranged from 3 to 9 animals depending on flock size. Losses per attack were positively related to the number of wolves involved. Total losses per farm were positively correlated with the size of livestock unit but percentage losses per capita increased with decreasing flock size. Management implications to mitigate livestock depredation are discussed. |
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2199-241x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Iliopoulos2009 |
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6576 |
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Janczarek, I.; Wisniewska, A.; Chruszczewski, M.H.; Tkaczyk, E.; Górecka-Bruzda, A. |
Title |
Social Behaviour of Horses in Response to Vocalisations of Predators |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
Volume |
10 |
Issue |
2331 |
Pages |
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Keywords |
horse; predator; vocalisation; social defensive behaviour; grey wolf; Arabian leopard; golden jackal |
Abstract |
We tested the hypothesis that social defensive responses to the vocalisation of a predator still exist in horses. The recordings of a grey wolf, an Arabian leopard and a golden jackal were played to 20 Konik polski and Arabian mares. Durations of grazing, standing still, standing alert and the number of steps in walk and trot/canter were measured. In one-minute scans, the distances of the focal horse from the reference horse (DIST-RH) and from the nearest loudspeaker (DIST-LS) were approximated. The vocalisation of a leopard aroused the Arabians more than the Koniks (less grazing, stand-still and walk, more stand-alert and trotting/cantering). Koniks showed more relaxed behaviours to the leopard vocalisation (more grazing, stand-still and walk), but high alertness to the wolf playback (stand-alert, trotting/cantering). Spatial formation of the herd of Koniks showed tight grouping (lower DIST-RH) and maintaining distance from the potential threat (DIST-LS) in response to the wolf howling, while the Arabians approached the loudspeakers in linear herd formation when the leopard growls were played. Adult horses responded to potential predation by changing spatial group formations. This ability to apply a social strategy may be one of the explanations for the least number of horses among all hunted farm animal species. |
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Animals |
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10 |
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12 |
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2076-2615 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6675 |
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Author |
Rosati, A.G. |
Title |
Foraging Cognition: Reviving the Ecological Intelligence Hypothesis |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume |
21 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
691-702 |
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Abstract |
What are the origins of intelligent behavior? The demands associated with living in complex social groups have been the favored explanation for the evolution of primate cognition in general and human cognition in particular. However, recent comparative research indicates that ecological variation can also shape cognitive abilities. I synthesize the emerging evidence that ?foraging cognition? ? skills used to exploit food resources, including spatial memory, decision-making, and inhibitory control ? varies adaptively across primates. These findings provide a new framework for the evolution of human cognition, given our species? dependence on costly, high-value food resources. Understanding the origins of the human mind will require an integrative theory accounting for how humans are unique in both our sociality and our ecology. |
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Elsevier |
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1364-6613 |
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doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.05.011 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6586 |
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