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Riebli, T.; Avgan, B.; Bottini, A.-M.; Duc, C.; Taborsky, M.; Heg, D. |
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Title |
Behavioural type affects dominance and growth in staged encounters of cooperatively breeding cichlids |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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81 |
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1 |
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313-323 |
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behavioural syndrome; body condition; Neolamprologus pulcher; personality; reserves; strategic growth; submission |
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Abstract  |
In animals, behavioural properties such as aggressive propensity are often consistent over a life span, and they may form part of a behavioural syndrome. We studied how aggressive propensity influences dominance, contest behaviour and growth in the cooperatively breeding cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher. We tested whether intrinsic aggressive propensity (1) influences dominance in paired contests, (2) causes different aggression levels in contests with partners matched for aggressive propensity compared to unmatched partners, and how it (3) affects growth rate in groups that were either matched or unmatched for aggressive propensity. Intrinsic aggressive propensity was first scored with a mirror test and classified as high, medium or low. Thereafter we tested fish with either high or low aggressive propensity with partners matched for size and either matched or unmatched for aggressive type in a paired contest for a shelter. We scored dominance, aggression and submission. As predicted, (1) dominance was more clearly established in unmatched than in matched contests and (2) individuals with high aggressive propensity launched more attacks overall than fish with low intrinsic aggressiveness, suggesting a higher propensity to escalate independently of winning or losing the paired contest. However, contrary to expectation, (3) individuals with low aggressiveness grew faster than aggressive ones in unmatched groups, whereas the opposite occurred in matched groups. This suggests that individuals with low aggressive propensity may benefit from conflict evasion, which might allow them to gain dominance in the future owing to larger body size. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5319 |
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Powell, G.V.N. |
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Title |
Experimental analysis of the social value of flocking by starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in relation to predation and foraging |
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Year |
1974 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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22 |
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2 |
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501-505 |
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In groups of ten, indidual starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, spent significantly less time in surveillance than did individuals in smaller groups and responded more quickly than single birds to a flying model hawk. Captive starlings in flocks reduce their individual surveillance efforts, but their combined efforts still enable them to be more effective than single birds in the detection of predators. Foraging behaviour of flocks was observed by placing single starlings with groups of tricoloured blackbirds, Agelaius tricolor; the starlings reduced the time they devoted to surveillance at the same rate as if they were with other starlings. |
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2147 |
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Poisbleau, M.; Fritz, H.; Valeix, M.; Perroi, P.-Y.; Dalloyau, S.; Lambrechts, M.M. |
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Social dominance correlates and family status in wintering dark-bellied brent geese, Branta bernicla bernicla |
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2006 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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71 |
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6 |
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1351-1358 |
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In many gregarious species, including ducks and geese, being dominant provides more benefits than costs, because dominants have better access to resources essential for survival or reproduction. In geese, being in better body condition during migration towards the breeding grounds positively influences reproductive success. However, underlying proximate mechanisms linking prebreeding body condition on the wintering grounds to breeding success remain poorly understood. We investigated social dominance correlates and family status, in three consecutive winters, in a free-ranging, migrating, dark-bellied brent goose population. Families with juveniles dominated pairs, and pairs dominated singletons. Dominance rank did not increase with the number of juveniles per family. Males were dominant over females. Social dominance and reproductive status for a given winter were significantly correlated with body mass, body size and body condition during the previous winter, suggesting that body condition in winter also affects subsequent breeding success and hence also dominance. Levels of testosterone and triiodothyronine were not correlated with immediate or later dominance or reproductive status. We discuss the role of family status as a signal of social status in determining reproductive strategies. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4690 |
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Mateo, J.M. |
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Title |
The nature and representation of individual recognition odours in Belding's ground squirrels |
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Year |
2006 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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71 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
141-154 |
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In many taxonomic groups, odours provide cues to species identity, reproductive status, genetic relatedness and individual identity. These odour cues are often used to mark territories or other resources and to recognize individuals through direct or indirect olfactory investigation. Belding's ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi, frequently scent-mark their environment and they also investigate the scent glands of conspecifics, which suggests that odours play a modulating role in their social relationships. I conducted studies to determine what information is conveyed by various S. beldingi odours and whether this information is used by conspecifics for social recognition. Spermophilus beldingi produce a number of cues that are individually distinct, including odours from oral, dorsal, pedal and anal glands and from ears, but apparently not from urine, although it is unclear whether all of these odours are used for social recognition. This discrimination among odours of individuals does not require prior familiarity with the odour bearers. The volatile components of some odours are sufficient to permit individual discrimination, which may explain how animals appear to [`]recognize' each other from a short distance. Finally, S. beldingi incorporate multiple odours into their memories of conspecifics as perception of one odour of an individual generalizes to a second odour from it, suggesting a mental representation of familiar individuals. The production of multiple unique odours may facilitate accurate discrimination of conspecifics along several social dimensions, and some of these odours also vary with relatedness. Together, these results indicate a rich olfactory milieu mediating the social lives of S. beldingi. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4640 |
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Caraco, T.; Kacelnik, A.; Mesnick, N.; Smulewitz, M. |
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Title |
Short-term rate maximization when rewards and delays covary |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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44 |
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Part 3 |
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441-447 |
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In nature foragers must exploit resources that vary randomly in both the energy acquired per item (reward) and the time required to pursue, capture and process an item (delay). Furthermore, rewards and delays associated with particular resources may often covary significantly. An analytical model asks how variance-covariance levels for rewards and delays could influence choice of resources when lack of information or cognitive limitation implies that a consumer attempts to maximize its short-term rate of energy gain. Both greater expected reward and reduced expected delay clearly should enhance preference for a resource. The model predicts that increased delay variance and reduced reward-delay covariance should increase a forager's preference for a resource. A forager should be risk-averse towards reward variance when the reward-delay covariance is positive, but should become risk-prone towards reward variance when the reward-delay covariance is negative. |
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2113 |
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Griffin, A.S.; Galef, J., Bennett G. |
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Title |
Social learning about predators: does timing matter? |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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69 |
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3 |
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669-678 |
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In Pavlovian conditioning, animals acquire a response to a previously neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS), such as a light, if that stimulus predicts a biologically important event (unconditioned stimulus, US), such as delivery of food. Learning typically occurs when the CS precedes the US (forward conditioning), and not when the CS follows the US (backward conditioning). In social learning about predators, the predator stimulus is considered to be the CS to which observers acquire avoidance responses after the stimulus has been presented in contiguity with an alarmed demonstrator, the US. We tested the prediction that social learning of response to a predator would occur even if the social alarm cues (the US) appeared before the predatory stimulus (the CS). Carib grackles, Quiscalus lugubris, responded to a familiar predator presented at close range by suppressing alarm calls. Presentation of an unfamiliar avian model (black-and-yellow pigeon) also decreased calling, and this inhibition of calling was enhanced following a training session in which the model stimulus was presented in association with grackle alarm calls. Acquired inhibition of calling was independent of the order of presentation of the model and an alarm chorus. These are the first results to indicate that social acquisition of predator avoidance is not dependent upon a particular temporal relationship between predators and social alarm cues. Evolution may have modified some properties of Pavlovian conditioning to accommodate social learning about potentially dangerous stimuli. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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572 |
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Cameron, E.Z. |
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Is suckling behaviour a useful predictor of milk intake? A review |
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1998 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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56 |
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3 |
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521-532 |
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In studies on mammalian parental investment, time spent suckling is often used as a predictor of the milk transferred from mother to infant. It is assumed that the rate of milk transfer is positively correlated with the time spent suckling. However, this assumption has not been tested and empirical studies show conflicting results. Nevertheless, in species in which suckling can readily be observed, time spent suckling is still used to measure milk transfer, although an increasing number of workers recognize that the measure is potentially inaccurate. A meta-analysis on studies that have correlated measures of time spent suckling with milk intake estimates based on weight gain revealed a weak positive relationship and significant heterogeneity between studies. Isotope-labelling techniques for the measurement of milk transfer independent of behaviour have been in use since the 1970s, particularly in studies of species in which suckling is difficult to observe. Only one study has attempted to correlate behavioural measures with independent isotope measures, and it found no relationship between the two measures. I suggest that researchers have avoided such a test as it is unlikely that a strong relationship will be found between milk transfer and suckling behaviour, and I discuss the various factors that confound the relationship and contribute to high heterogeneity between studies. Consequently, the assumption that milk transfer can be measured by time spent suckling has inadequate empirical foundation, and needs to be tested using isotope-labelling methods. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour |
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Department of Ecology, Massey University |
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PMID:9784199 |
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419 |
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de Vries, H.; Stevens, J.M.G.; Vervaecke, H. |
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Measuring and testing the steepness of dominance hierarchies |
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2006 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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71 |
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3 |
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585-592 |
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In the analysis of social dominance in groups of animals, linearity has been used by many researchers as the main structural characteristic of a dominance hierarchy. In this paper we propose, alongside linearity, a quantitative measure for another property of a dominance hierarchy, namely its steepness. Steepness of a hierarchy is defined here as the absolute slope of the straight line fitted to the normalized David's scores (calculated on the basis of a dyadic dominance index corrected for chance) plotted against the subjects' ranks. This correction for chance is an improvement of an earlier proposal by de Vries (appendix 2 in de Vries, Animal Behaviour, 1998, 55, 827-843). In addition, we present a randomization procedure for determining the statistical significance of a hierarchy's steepness, which can be used to test the observed steepness against the steepness expected under the null hypothesis of random win chances for all pairs of individuals. Whereas linearity depends on the number of established binary dominance relationships and the degree of transitivity in these relationships, steepness measures the degree to which individuals differ from each other in winning dominance encounters. Linearity and steepness are complementary measures to characterize a dominance hierarchy. |
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454 |
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Campbell, F.M.; Heyes, C.M. |
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Rats smell: odour-mediated local enhancement, in a vertical movement two-action test |
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2002 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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63 |
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6 |
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1055-1063 |
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In two experiments, hungry rats, Rattus norvegicus, were present in one side of an operant chamber while a conspecific demonstrator in the adjacent compartment moved a single lever either up or down for a food reward. During a subsequent test session, in which these rats were allowed access to the lever for the first time, all responses were rewarded regardless of their direction. In experiment 1, rats that were prevented from observing the direction of lever movement by means of a screen showed a reliable demonstrator-consistent response bias, while rats that had observed the direction of lever movement and in addition had access to any odour cues deposited on the lever did not. In experiment 2, each rat observed another rat (the `viewed' demonstrator) moving a lever either up or down. They were then transferred into the test compartment of a different operant chamber in which another rat (the `box' demonstrator) had moved the lever in the same direction as the viewed demonstrator or in the opposite direction. These observer rats showed a reliable preference for their box demonstrator's direction, but responded in the opposite direction to their viewed demonstrator. Taken together, the results of these experiments suggest that directional responding by rats in a vertical movement two-action test is influenced by demonstrator-deposited odour cues in addition to visual experience of a demonstrator's behaviour. Furthermore, while odour-mediated local enhancement gave rise to demonstrator-consistent responding, visual observation of a conspecific appeared to have the reverse effect. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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Godin, J.-G.J.; Herdman, E.J.E.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Social influences on female mate choice in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata: generalized and repeatable trait-copying behaviour |
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2005 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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69 |
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4 |
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999-1005 |
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In vertebrates, the mating preferences of individual females can be flexible and the probability of a female mating with a particular male can be significantly increased by her having previously observed another conspecific female affiliate and mate with that same male. In theory, such mate-choice-copying behaviour has potentially important consequences for both the genetic and social (`cultural') transmission of female mating preferences. For copying to result in the `cultural inheritance' of mating preferences, individual females must not only copy the mate choice decisions of other females but they also should tend to repeat this type of behaviour (i.e. make similar mating decisions) subsequently and to generalize their socially induced preference for a particular male to other males that share his distinctive characteristics. Here, we show experimentally that individual female guppies, Poecilia reticulata, not only copy the observed mating preferences of other females for particular males, but that the preference now assumed via copying is subsequently repeated and generalized to other males of a similar colour phenotype. These results provide empirical evidence for social enhancement of female preference for particular phenotypic traits of chosen males rather than for the particular males possessing those traits, and thus have important implications for our understanding of the role of social learning in the evolution of female mating preferences and of male epigamic traits. |
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