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| Author | Fawcett, T.W.; Skinner, A.M.J.; Goldsmith, A.R. | ||||
| Title | A test of imitative learning in starlings using a two-action method with an enhanced ghost control | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 64 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 547-556 |
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Abstract  |
Imitative learning, in which an individual learns to reproduce the behaviour pattern of another, has attracted considerable attention as a potentially powerful form of social learning. Despite extensive research, however, it has proved difficult to demonstrate in nonhuman animals. We investigated the ability of European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, to imitate the behaviour of a conspecific. Subjects watched a trained conspecific manipulating a plug for access to a food reward, using either a pushing or a pulling action. When later tested with the same apparatus these birds completed the task using the same action they had previously observed. In a second experiment, a separate group of starlings saw the plug move upwards or downwards automatically and a nearby conspecific obtain a food reward. When given access to the task these starlings failed to move the plug in the direction they had seen. Our experiment is an improvement on previous bidirectional control designs and provides strong evidence that starlings are capable of imitation. We advocate further use of this experimental design in attempts to demonstrate imitative learning. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 2102 | |||
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| Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
| Title | Schmeichelnder Sitz, atmender Schenkel, flüsternder Zügel | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Olms Presse, Hildesheim | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | 2. erweiterte Auflage | Pages | 220 | |
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| Abstract |
HÜBENER, EBERHARD, Schmeichelnder Sitz, atmender Schenkel, flüsternder Zügel Vom feinfühligen, partnerschaftlichen Umgang mit dem Pferd und über Nöte der bundesdeutschen Reiterei. Mit einem Geleitwort von Dr. Reiner Klimke 2. ergänzte Aufl. Hildesheim 2002. 223 S. mit 63 Abb., davon 3 farbig. Gebunden. Reihe: (NOVA HIPPOLOGICA.) ISBN: 3-487-08408-2 Dieses Buch beantwortet eine Reihe zentraler Fragen zur Reitlehre und zum Umgang mit dem Pferd gründlich und leicht verständlich. Es ist daher hilfreich für alle, die sich am und auf dem Pferd gern helfen lassen. Ob sie nun nur zum Vergnügen oder mit turniersportlichen Ambitionen reiten. Ob sie lernen oder lehren. Der vorliegenden zweiten Auflage ist eine neue Arbeit des Autors beigebunden: Nachdem eine Video-Analyse seinen “selbsttätigen Schenkel” bestätigt hat, wird jetzt endlich auch das “Sitz-Rätsel” definitiv gelöst. Die Video-Technik hat ermöglicht, das Zusammenspiel von Gangart, Bewegungen von Pferderumpf und -rücken, Sitz des Reiters und Hilfengebung zum Nutzen des Reiter-Rückgrats, der keineswegs beliebig belastbaren Wirbelsäule des Pferdes und kultivierten, feinfühligen Reitens zu entschlüsseln. Reitunterricht kann anders aussehen. Irrwege sind vermeidbar geworden. |
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| Language | Deutsch | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0948-9708 | ISBN | 3-487-08408-2 | Medium | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @ | Serial | 874 | ||
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| Author | Fehr, E.; Gachter, S. | ||||
| Title | Altruistic punishment in humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Nature | |
| Volume | 415 | Issue | 6868 | Pages | 137-140 |
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| Abstract |
Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4835 | ||
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| Author | Bello, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Practical treatment of body and open leg wounds of horses with bovine collagen, biosynthetic wound dressing and cyanoacrylate | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 22 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 157-164 |
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| Abstract |
Horses with severe and deep lacerations are represented by ten cases in which treatment emphasized the use of bovine collagen preparations to promote controlled second-degree repair. Traumatized areas were tarsal, metatarsal, neck, forearm, metacarpal and pastern. Wound size changes were recorded. Depending on the wound type, the site was treated with antibiotic-steroid ointment, organic acid cream, sterile collagen particles, suspension or dressings protected by hydrogel dressing, non-adherent pads, occlusive skin dressings, roll gauze and elastic tape. In three cases, a fiberglas cast was applied over a hind leg wound and lacerated tendon for stability. When controlled granulation of the deeper wounds reached skin level, the area often was stabilized by only cyanoacrylate spray. As these cases presented a wide range of trauma each with a unique history, healing rates were based on initial measurements. An overall progression of wound reduction occurred at a predictable rate. The exogenous collagen formulations were used to stimulate controlled granulation, ie. to “jump start” the healing process. Collagen particles, suspension or dressings were packed into depressions, placed under suture lines, secured over abraded tissue, and placed under protective bandage or cast. To further evaluate the use of cyanoacrylate tissue spray in wound treatments, an additional ten cases are presented. The variety of wounds were produced experimentally in Center-owned ponies or provided as clinical cases. Wound size changes and healing progress were recorded. Wounds occurred on the neck, abdomen, metacarpal, metatarsal, fetlock and pastern areas. Depending on wound type, the site was treated with cyanoacrylate only; or treated as above until controlled granulation attained skin level. In one case punch grafts of skin were transferred from one foreleg to the opposite with the horse standing. Cyanoacrylate spray provided a water proof barrier protecting the wound from dirt, debris and insects as well as stabilizing full-thickness skin lacerations by bridging normal to traumatized skin allowing uninterrupted granulation and epithelialization. The use of a neck cradle prevented wound disturbance and stall confinement aided stabilization. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3972 | ||
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| Author | Mills, D.; Clarke, A. | ||||
| Title | Housing, Management and Welfare | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | The Welfare of Horses | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 77-97 | ||
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| Abstract |
Horses tend to be housed in loose boxes, stalls, barns and shelters for ease of management, however these systems present several possible threats to equine health and welfare. These systems are reviewed together with the concerns they raise. A common system for the evaluation of the welfare of contained animals focuses on the provision of five freedoms. These are freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition, from discomfort, from pain, injury and disease, from fear and distress and to express most normal patterns of behaviour. This approach is used to assess the ways in which horse welfare may be compromised by certain housing practices and management regimes. Recommendations as to how these problems can be resolved and to promote good practice are provided. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4378 | ||
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| Author | Rivera, E.; Benjamin, S.; Nielsen, B.; Shelle, J.; Zanella, A.J. | ||||
| Title | Behavioral and physiological responses of horses to initial training: the comparison between pastured versus stalled horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 78 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 235-252 |
| Keywords | Horses; Housing; Training; Behavior; Stress; Cortisol; Welfare | ||||
| Abstract |
Horses kept in stalls are deprived of opportunities for social interactions, and the performance of natural behaviors is limited. Inadequate environmental conditions may compromise behavioral development. Initial training is a complex process and it is likely that the responses of horses may be affected by housing conditions. Sixteen 2-year-old Arabian horses were kept on pasture (P) (n=8) or in individual stalls (S) (n=8). Twelve horses (six P and six S) were subjected to a standardized training procedure, carried out by two trainers in a round pen, and 4 horses (two P and two S) were introduced to the round pen but were not trained (C; control). On sample collection day 0, 7, 21 and 28, behavior observations were carried out, blood samples were drawn and heart rates were monitored. Total training time for the stalled horses was significantly higher than total time for the pastured horses (S: 26.4+/-1.5 min; P: 19.7+/-1.1; P=0.032). The stalled group required more time to habituate to the activities occurring from the start of training to mounting (S: 11.4+/-0.96; P: 7.3+/-0.75 min; P=0.007). Frequency of unwanted behavior was higher in the stalled horses (S: 8.0+/-2.0; P: 2.2+/-1.0; P=0.020). Pastured horses tended to have higher basal heart rates on day 0 (S: 74.7+/-4.8; P: 81.8+/-5.3 bpm; P=0.0771). While the physiological data failed to identify differences between housing groups, the behavioral data suggest that pasture-kept horses adapt more easily to training than stalled horses. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 717 | ||
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| Author | Nicol, C. J. | ||||
| Title | Equine learning: progress and suggestions for future research | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 78 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 193-208 |
| Keywords | Learning; Horse; Equine; Discrimination; Training | ||||
| Abstract |
Horses are well able to form classical and instrumental associations and so the focus of much recent research has been on the stimulus control of instrumental learning. Horses appear to discriminate using spatial cues more easily than other stimulus features, as indicated both by the speed of initial task acquisition and by the extent to which acquired discriminations can be reversed. Phenomena associated with discrimination learning in laboratory animals, including generalisation and peak shift, have been demonstrated in horses. However, the ability of horses to classify stimuli into categories is more controversial. Although there is some evidence that horses may be able to form categories based on similarities in the physical appearance of different stimuli, there is currently no evidence that they are able to develop abstract concepts. Their performance on social learning tasks has also been poor. Few correlations are observed between the learning ability of individual horses on different tasks, suggesting that it may not be possible to classify individual horses as `good' or `poor' learners. Better learning performance by horses that are naturally calm is probably due to reduced interference in the learning process. Correct handling procedures can lower reactivity levels in horses, and may facilitate learning in some circumstances. Future research on equine learning needs to take into account the complex nature of equine social interaction. Studies on the effects of stress on learning, and on social and spatial cognition, are also particularly needed. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 405 | ||
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| Author | Parrish, J.K.; Viscido, S.V.; Grunbaum, D. | ||||
| Title | Self-Organized Fish Schools: An Examination of Emergent Properties | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Biol Bull | Abbreviated Journal | Biol Bull |
| Volume | 202 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 296-305 |
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| Abstract |
Heterogeneous, “aggregated” patterns in the spatial distributions of individuals are almost universal across living organisms, from bacteria to higher vertebrates. Whereas specific features of aggregations are often visually striking to human eyes, a heuristic analysis based on human vision is usually not sufficient to answer fundamental questions about how and why organisms aggregate. What are the individual-level behavioral traits that give rise to these features? When qualitatively similar spatial patterns arise from purely physical mechanisms, are these patterns in organisms biologically significant, or are they simply epiphenomena that are likely characteristics of any set of interacting autonomous individuals? If specific features of spatial aggregations do confer advantages or disadvantages in the fitness of group members, how has evolution operated to shape individual behavior in balancing costs and benefits at the individual and group levels? Mathematical models of social behaviors such as schooling in fishes provide a promising avenue to address some of these questions. However, the literature on schooling models has lacked a common framework to objectively and quantitatively characterize relationships between individual-level behaviors and group-level patterns. In this paper, we briefly survey similarities and differences in behavioral algorithms and aggregation statistics among existing schooling models. We present preliminary results of our efforts to develop a modeling framework that synthesizes much of this previous work, and to identify relationships between behavioral parameters and group-level statistics. N1 - | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5254 | ||
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| Author | George, I.; Cousillas, H.; Richard, J.-P.; Hausberger, M. | ||||
| Title | Song perception in the European starling: hemispheric specialisation and individual variations | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Comptes Rendus Biologies | Abbreviated Journal | Compt. Rend. Biol. |
| Volume | 325 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 197-204 |
| Keywords | lateralisation; perception; birdsong; starling; electrophysiology; individual variations; latéralisation; perception; chant; étourneaux; électrophysiologie; variations individuelles | ||||
| Abstract |
Hemispheric specialisation for speech in humans has been well documented. The lateralisation for song production observed in songbirds is reminiscent of this hemispheric dominance. In order to investigate whether song perception is also lateralised, we made multiunit recordings of the neuronal activity in the field L of starlings during the presentation of species-specific and artificial non-specific sounds. We observed a systematic stronger activation in one hemisphere than in the other one during the playback of species-specific sounds, with inter-subject variability in the predominant hemisphere for song perception. Such an asymmetry was not observed for artificial non-specific sounds. Thus, our results suggest that, at least at the individual level, the two hemispheres of the starlings' brain perceive and process conspecific signals differently. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4636 | ||
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| Author | Bugnyar, T.; Kotrschal, K. | ||||
| Title | Observational learning and the raiding of food caches in ravens, Corvus corax: is it `tactical' deception? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 64 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 185-195 |
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Group-foraging ravens scatter-hoard when they are competing for food and, to some extent, also raid the caches made by others. We investigated the effects of observational spatial memory on individual caching and raiding tactics. With captive ravens, we found visual observation was essential for locating and raiding the caches of conspecifics. Both captive and free-ranging ravens, food cachers as well as potential cache raiders, responded to each other's presence. Cachers withdrew from conspecifics and most often placed their caches behind structures, obstructing the view of potential observers. Raiders watched inconspicuously and kept at a distance to cachers close to their cache sites. In response to the presence of potential raiders or because of their initial movements towards caches, the cachers frequently interrupted caching, changed cache sites, or recovered their food items. These results suggest that ravens, regardless of whether they act as cachers or raiders, are capable of withholding information about their intentions and, hence, manipulate the other bird's attention either to prevent or to achieve social-learning opportunities. Such interactions may qualify as `tactical' deception and may have created a considerable pressure selecting for social cognition in ravens. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2904 | ||
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