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Author | Sherry, D.F.; Galef Jr, B.G. | ||||
Title | Cultural transmission without imitation: Milk bottle opening by birds | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1984 | Publication | Animal Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 32 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 937-938 |
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ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5611 | ||
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Author | Neumann, C.; Duboscq, J.; Dubuc, C.; Ginting, A.; Irwan, A.M.; Agil, M.; Widdig, A.; Engelhardt, A. | ||||
Title | Assessing dominance hierarchies: validation and advantages of progressive evaluation with Elo-rating | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | Animal Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 82 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 911-921 |
Keywords | David’s score; dominance hierarchy; dominance rank; Elo-rating; hierarchy stability; I&Si; Macaca mulatta; Macaca nigra; methodology | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5677 | ||
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Author | Byrne R.W. | ||||
Title | The evolution of intelligence | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Behaviour and Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 223-265 | ||
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Publisher | Cambridge University Press | Place of Publication | Cambridge,UK | Editor | P.J.B. Slater and T.R. Halliday |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6566 | ||
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Author | Williams, J.L.; Friend, T.H.; Nevill, C.H.; Archer, G. | ||||
Title | The efficacy of a secondary reinforcer (clicker) during acquisition and extinction of an operant task in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 88 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 331-341 |
Keywords | Equine; Horse; Clicker training; Operant conditioning; Secondary reinforcers | ||||
Abstract | “Clicker training” is a popularly promoted training method based on operant conditioning with the use of a secondary reinforcer (the clicker). While this method draws from theories of learning and is used widely, there has been little scientific investigation of its efficacy. We used 60 horses, Equus callabus, and assigned each horse to one of six reinforcement protocols. The reinforcement protocols involved combinations of reinforcers administered (primary versus secondary plus primary), schedule of reinforcement (continuous versus variable ratio), and reinforcers applied during extinction (none or secondary). There were no differences (P>=0.11) between horses which received a secondary reinforcer (click) followed by the primary reinforcer (food) and those which received only the primary reinforcer (food) in the number of trials required to train the horses to touch their noses to a plastic cone (operant response). There also were no differences (P>=0.12) between horses which received the secondary reinforcer plus primary reinforcer and those which received only the primary reinforcer in regards to the number of trials to extinction. We conclude that there is no difference in the amount of training required to learn the operant task or in the task's resistance to extinction between horses that received a secondary reinforcer followed by a primary reinforcer versus horses which received only a primary reinforcer. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3581 | ||
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Author | Digweed, Shannon M.; Fedigan, Linda M.; Rendall, Drew | ||||
Title | Variable specificity in the anti-predator vocalizations and behaviour of the white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Behaviour |
Volume | 142 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 997-1021 |
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Abstract | (Accepted: 23 June 2005) Summary Much research in animal communication is aimed at understanding the functional design features of animal vocal signals. Our detailed analyses of the vocalizations and behavioural responses elicited in white-faced capuchins by predators and other disturbances point to two call variants that differ modestly in their acoustic structure and that are accompanied by functionally distinct behavioural responses. The first variant is given exclusively to avian predators and is almost invariably accompanied by the monkeys immediate descent from the treetops where it is most vulnerable; therefore, we label this call variant the aerial predator alarm?. The second variant, that differs only slightly but noticeably from the first, is given to a wide range of snakes and mammals, including a range of species that represent no predatory threat to the monkeys. This second call is also associated with more variable responses from calling monkeys, from delayed retreat from the source of disturbance, to active approach, inspection, and sometimes mobbing of the animal involved. We therefore label this variant more generally as an “alerting call”. Although some other primate species show a more diverse system of anti-predator calls, and the capuchins themselves may yet be found to produce a greater variety of calls, a system of two call variants with varying degrees of predator specificity and behavioural response is not uncommon among primates and appears functionally appropriate for capuchins. The basic structure of the alerting call allows conspecific listeners to localize the caller and the source of disturbance readily, thereby allowing listeners to approach and assist in mobbing in cases where the disturbance warrants it, or to avoid the area in cases where the disturbance is identified as a predatory threat. Conversely, the aerial predator alarm is inherently less localizable and therefore conveys the |
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 547 | ||
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Author | Mason, W.A.; Hollis, J.H. | ||||
Title | Communication between young rhesus monkeys | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1962 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 10 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 211-221 |
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Abstract | 1. 1. The communication performance of 12 rhesus monkeys was investigated in a situation in which the rewards of both members of a pair of monkeys could not exceed chance levels unless the operator monkey responded to cues provided by the informant monkey which indicated the location of food. Each member of the pair was trained in both operator and informant roles in different phases of the experiment. Communication performance improved progressively to levels consistently above chance. However, communication learning appeared to be specific to the role in which the individual was trained, and when roles were reversed no evidence of transfer was obtained. Tests of foodsharing behaviour showed a substantial increase in the tendency to share food with the partner following communication training. This occurred however, only when the partner was the only social stimulus present; if another monkey was also present there was no evidence of preferential responses to the partner. In all phases of communication training, monkeys which were housed together performed more efficiently than did monkeys housed individually.2. 2. The acquisition of stimulus-producing responses was investigated by causing an opaque screen to remain in front of the informant unless the operator monkey pulled a vertical lever at the front of its restraining cage. Initially, operators responded immediately to the foodcarts, but with further testing there was a steady increase in the tendency to defer the response to the food-carts until the lever had been pulled, revealing the informant monkey.3. 3. Transfer of communication training was tested with new monkey informants, and with two inanimate stimuli, a mechanical puppet, and a stationary plaque. The latter two objects were placed behind the rewarded food-carts before each trial. There was clear evidence of positive transfer to each of these conditions, but marked differences among conditions were obtained. Performance with the monkeys averaged 76 per cent. correct, as compared with 62 and 40 per cent., with the puppet and the plaque, respectively.4. 4. To test the ability of trained operator monkeys to select the appropriate informant on the basis of behavioural cues, the communication situation was arranged so that two informant monkeys were present on all trials. However, on any trial only one of these informants could be rewarded, and the operator's rewards were contingent upon delivering food to this informant. Efficiency of discrimination began at approximately 45 per cent, (chance = 25 per cent. and improved progressively to levels above 75 per cent. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3017 | ||
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Author | Sigurjónsdóttir , H.; van Dierendonck, M.C.; Snorrason, S.; Thórhallsdóttir, A.G. | ||||
Title | Social relationships in a group of horses without a mature stallion | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Behaviour |
Volume | 140 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 783-804 |
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Abstract | 1. The social relationships in a group of Icelandic horses without a mature stallion were studied. The horses were all familiar to each other. Mutual grooming and play relationships, spatial associations, dominance-subordinate relations and the effect of kinship on these relationships were analysed.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 2. The social structure was clearly dominated by the behaviour of the adult mares. The horses preferred to form bonds within their social class (sex/age) and they kept close proximity with their friends. The group was effectively divided into two social subgroups, adult mares as one group and adult geldings and sub-adults as another group. The sub-adults and adult geldings formed associations, which were based on mutual grooming and play, while the adult mares did not play. Differences between the sexes were evident. Males played more than the females, had more playing partners and were more popular as playmates.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 3. Aggression rates were low. The dominance hierarchy was linear. Adult mares ranked higher than adult geldings, sub-adults and the foals. Rank was significantly correlated with age. The closer the adult mares were in rank, the more they groomed with each other. Such relationships were not found amongst the other social group.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 4. Kinship was calculated between all pairs of animals for up to 4 or 5 generations. Allogrooming and play frequencies and proximity were all positively correlated with kinship. Adult mares, which were close in the dominance hierarchy, were on average more related than those further apart.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 5. The social relationships in the Icelandic herd were, to some extent, different from relationships reported from unmanaged and feral horse-herds with mature stallions and bachelors. Our results suggest that adult mares groom more in groups without a stallion. Furthermore, they have more preferred partners than in natural harems and their partners are other adult mares, not their weaned offspring as seems to be the case in feral herds. The sub-adults also seem to be more socially active in the absence of stallions. Interestingly, in the Icelandic group, the adult mares showed stallion like behaviours, like mounting and protecting foals. Only by studying the behaviour and the nature of the relationships of horses in groups of different compositions, can we expect to gain a comprehensive understanding about individual social strategies and cognitive capabilities of the species. Such knowledge is valuable for management and welfare of the horse. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2363 | ||
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Author | Klingel, H. | ||||
Title | Observations on social organization and behaviour of African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl Anim Behav Sci |
Volume | 60 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 103-113 |
Keywords | Equus africanus Equus hemionus Territoriality | ||||
Abstract | 1This paper appears with kind permission of Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg. It was originally published in Z. Tierpsychol., 44, 323-331 (1977), ISSN 0044-3573/ASTM-Coden: ZETIAG.1 Abstract African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) live in unstable groups or herds of variable composition. Some of the adult stallions are territorial in large territories in which they tolerate other ♂♂. The territorial ♂♂ are dominant over all their conspecifics |
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ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6173 | ||
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Author | Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.; Carini, C.M. | ||||
Title | Mutual grooming and nearest-neighbor relationships among foals of Equus caballus | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1986 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 113-123 |
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Abstract | A 3-year study was carried out on the developmental behavior of foals from birth to 24 weeks of age and the behavior of mares living with foals. Mutual-grooming partners of foals were primarily other foals. The peak frequency of mutual grooming occurred during Weeks 9-12, when fillies mutual-groomed 1.6 times h-1 and colts mutual-groomed 0.9 times h-1. Fillies mutual-groomed more frequently than colts (P < 0.025). Fillies mutual-groomed randomly with colts and other fillies (P < 0.05), whereas colts mutual-groomed almost exclusively with fillies (P = 0.03). At all ages studied, if a foal's nearest neighbor was not its mother, it was more likely to be another foal than would be expected if the foal was associating randomly with non-mother ponies. Fillies were more likely than expected to have a filly rather than a colt as their nearest neighbor (P = 0.01). Thus, during their first few months of life, the foals studied exhibited patterns of behavior which were consistent with the development of the usual social milieu of unmanaged adults, in which several mares form a cohesive herd with one or more stallions associating with them. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2276 | ||
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Author | Anderson, M.K.; Friend, T.H.; Evans, J.W.; Bushong, D.M. | ||||
Title | Behavioral assessment of horses in therapeutic riding programs | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 63 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 11-24 |
Keywords | Horses; Therapeutic riding; Temperament; Cortisol; Catecholamines | ||||
Abstract | A behavioral assessment of horses who were being used and not used in therapeutic riding programs was conducted to help determine useful methods of selecting horses for use in therapeutic riding programs. A total of 103 horses (76 horses from five therapeutic riding centers and 27 non-therapeutic riding horses from four sites) were used. Temperament survey for each horse were completed by three riding instructors at each therapeutic riding center or by the individual most knowledgeable about the horse at the other sites. Twenty personality traits from the survey were used to quantify temperament. Concentrations of plasma cortisol, norepinephrine and epinephrine were also measured in each horse. A reactivity test was then conducted which involved introducing three novel stimuli: a walking and vocalizing toy pig placed on a cardboard surface in front of the horse for 20 s; popping a balloon near the horse's flank area; and suddenly opening an umbrella and holding it open in front of the horse for 20 s. Reactions (expressions, vocalizations and movement) to each of the stimuli were scored and used to calculate an average reactivity score for each horse. The therapeutic riding instructors did not often agree on the temperament of their center's horses. The personality trait ratings made by the therapeutic riding instructors at each center were on average significantly correlated (P<0.01, r>0.52) for only 37.8% of the horses for any two instructors and 7.8% for three instructors. No significant correlations were found between temperament, reactivity, and the hormone concentrations (r<0.19), but regression analysis indicated a possibility of predicting temperament from the reactivity score and hormone concentrations (P<0.08). There was also a tendency for relationships between extremes in temperament (desirable vs. undesirable) and the hormone concentrations (P<0.09), and between extremes in reactivity (low vs. high) and the hormone concentrations (P=0.08). The difference in ratings among riding instructors indicates a need for more collaboration between instructors when evaluating horse temperament. This study also indicates that it was very difficult to objectively determine the suitability of horses for therapeutic riding programs regarding their temperament and reactivity, probably because other traits (e.g., smoothness of gait) are also considered very important. | ||||
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ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4812 | ||
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