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Author |
Hirata, S. |
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Title |
A note on the responses of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to live self-images on television monitors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
75 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
85-90 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Self Concept; Self Psychology; Social Behavior; Television |
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Abstract |
The majority of studies on self-recognition in animals have been conducted using a mirror as the test device; little is known, however, about the responses of non-human primates toward their own images in media other than mirrors. This study provides preliminary data on the reactions of 10 chimpanzees to live self-images projected on two television monitors, each connected to a different video camera. Chimpanzees could see live images of their own faces, which were approximately life-sized, on one monitor. On the other monitor, they could see live images of their whole body, which were approximately one-fifth life-size, viewed diagonally from behind. In addition, several objects were introduced into the test situation. Out of 10 chimpanzees tested, 2 individuals performed self-exploratory behaviors while watching their own images on the monitors. One of these two chimpanzees successively picked up two of the provided objects in front of a monitor, and watched the images of these objects on the monitor. The results indicate that these chimpanzees were able to immediately recognize live images of themselves or objects on the monitors, even though several features of these images differed from those of their previous experience with mirrors. |
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Address |
Great Ape Research Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories Inc., Okayama, Japan. hirata@gari.be.to |
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English |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:17324534 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4145 |
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Author |
Parker, S.T. |
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Title |
A general model for the adaptive function of self-knowledge in animals and humans |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
75-86 |
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Keywords |
*Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Awareness; Concept Formation; Evolution; Humans; Phylogeny; *Self Concept; Species Specificity |
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Abstract |
This article offers a general definition of self-knowledge that embraces all forms and levels of self-knowledge in animals and humans. It is hypothesized that various levels of self-knowledge constitute an ordinal scale such that each species in a lineage displays the forms of self-knowledge found in related species as well as new forms it and its sister species may have evolved. Likewise, it is hypothesized that these various forms of levels of self-knowledge develop in the sequence in which they evolved. Finally, a general hypothesis for the functional significance of self-knowledge is proposed along with subhypotheses regarding the adaptive significance of various levels of self-knowledge in mammals including human and nonhuman primates. The general hypothesis is that self-knowledge serves as a standard for assessing the qualities of conspecifics compared to those of the self. Such assessment is crucial to deciding among alternative reproductive and subsistence strategies. The qualities that are assessed, which vary across taxa, range from the size and strength of the self to its mathematical or musical abilities. This so-called assessment model of self-knowledge is based on evolutionary biological models for social selection and the role of assessment in animal communication. |
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Anthropology Department, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA. Parker@Sonoma.edu |
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1053-8100 |
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PMID:9170562 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4160 |
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