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| Author |
Chalmeau, R.; Gallo, A. |
| Title |
Social constraints determine what is learned in the chimpanzee |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
28 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
173-179 |
| Keywords |
Operant conditioning; Social influence; Individual strategy; Chimpanzee |
Abstract  |
A group of six chimpanzees was placed in a social learning situation, without training. The learning task was an operant conditioning situation; that is, a subject had to pull two handles simultaneously to cause a piece of fruit to fall into the cage. Only three individuals acquired the operant behaviour. For the operant individuals, social influences on the expression of the learning task were then examined; the dominant chimpanzee during feeding had an inhibiting effect when close to the operant subjects. Depending on the subject, social factors may influence not only the specific expression of what is learnt, but also the nature of what is learnt. Chimpanzees appear to experience situations differently: they develop an individual problem-solving strategy according to their social relationships even if the experimental procedure is the same for all. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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569 |
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Williams, J.L.; Friend, T.H.; Nevill, C.H.; Archer, G. |
| Title |
The efficacy of a secondary reinforcer (clicker) during acquisition and extinction of an operant task in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
88 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
331-341 |
| Keywords |
Equine; Horse; Clicker training; Operant conditioning; Secondary reinforcers |
| Abstract |
“Clicker training” is a popularly promoted training method based on operant conditioning with the use of a secondary reinforcer (the clicker). While this method draws from theories of learning and is used widely, there has been little scientific investigation of its efficacy. We used 60 horses, Equus callabus, and assigned each horse to one of six reinforcement protocols. The reinforcement protocols involved combinations of reinforcers administered (primary versus secondary plus primary), schedule of reinforcement (continuous versus variable ratio), and reinforcers applied during extinction (none or secondary). There were no differences (P>=0.11) between horses which received a secondary reinforcer (click) followed by the primary reinforcer (food) and those which received only the primary reinforcer (food) in the number of trials required to train the horses to touch their noses to a plastic cone (operant response). There also were no differences (P>=0.12) between horses which received the secondary reinforcer plus primary reinforcer and those which received only the primary reinforcer in regards to the number of trials to extinction. We conclude that there is no difference in the amount of training required to learn the operant task or in the task's resistance to extinction between horses that received a secondary reinforcer followed by a primary reinforcer versus horses which received only a primary reinforcer. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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