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| Author | Zahn-Waxler, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M. | ||||
| Title | The development of altruism: Alternative research strategies. | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 1982 | Publication | The development of prosocial behavior | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 109-138 | ||
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Abstract  |
Zahn-Waxler, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1982) The development of altruism: Alternative research strategies. In: The development of prosocial behavior, ed. N. Eisenberg. Academic Press. [aSDP] |
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| Publisher | Academic Press | Place of Publication | New York | Editor | Eisenberg, N. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5061 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M.; Roper, K.L.; Kraemer, P.J. | ||||
| Title | Value transfer in a simultaneous discrimination appears to result from within-event pavlovian conditioning | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 22 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 68-75 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Reinforcement (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract |
When pigeons acquire a simple simultaneous discrimination, some of the value acquired by the S+ transfers to the S-. The mechanism underlying this transfer of value was examined in three experiments. In Experiment 1, pigeons trained on two simultaneous discriminations (A + B- and C +/- D-) showed a preference for B over D. This preference was reduced, however, following the devaluation of A. In Experiment 2, when after the same original training, value was given to D, the pigeons' preference for C did not significantly increase. In Experiment 3, when both discriminations involved partial reinforcement (S +/-), A + C- training resulted in a preference for B over D, whereas B + D- training resulted in a preference for A over C. Thus, simultaneous discrimination training appears to result in bidirectional within-event conditioning involving the S+ and S-. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky Lexington 40506, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8568497 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 255 | ||
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| Author | Widdig, A.; Streich, W.; Nürnberg, P.; Croucher, P.; Bercovitch, F.; Krawczak, M. | ||||
| Title | Paternal kin bias in the agonistic interventions of adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume | 61 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 205-214 |
| Keywords | Biomedical and Life Sciences | ||||
| Abstract |
When agonistic interventions are nepotistic, individuals are expected to side more often with kin but less often against kin in comparison with non-kin. As yet, however, few mammal studies have been in a position to test the validity of this assertion with respect to paternal relatedness. We therefore used molecular genetic kinship testing to assess whether adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from the free-ranging colony of Cayo Santiago (Puerto Rico) bias their interventions in ongoing dyadic aggressive interactions towards maternal and paternal half-sisters compared with unrelated females. It turned out that females supported maternal half-sisters significantly more often than paternal half-sisters or non-kin regardless of the costs associated with such interventions. Similarly, females targeted maternal half-sisters significantly less often than non-kin when this was associated with high costs. Unrelated females provided significantly higher mean rates of both high- and low-cost support to each other than did paternal half-sisters. However, females targeted paternal half-sisters significantly less often than non-kin when targeting was at low cost, suggesting that females refrain from intervening against paternal half-sisters. Our data confirm the general view that coalition formation in female mammals is a function of both the level of maternal relatedness and of the costs of intervention. The patterns of coalition formation among paternal kin were found to be more complex, and may also differ across species, but clear evidence for paternal kin discrimination was observed in female rhesus as predicted by kin selection theory. | ||||
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| Publisher | Springer Berlin / Heidelberg | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0340-5443 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5251 | ||
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| Author | Marino, L. | ||||
| Title | Convergence of complex cognitive abilities in cetaceans and primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Brain, Behavior and Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | Brain Behav Evol |
| Volume | 59 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 21-32 |
| Keywords | Animal Communication; Animals; Brain/physiology; Cerebral Cortex/physiology; Cetacea/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; *Evolution; Humans; Intelligence; Primates/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract |
What examples of convergence in higher-level complex cognitive characteristics exist in the animal kingdom? In this paper I will provide evidence that convergent intelligence has occurred in two distantly related mammalian taxa. One of these is the order Cetacea (dolphins, whales and porpoises) and the other is our own order Primates, and in particular the suborder anthropoid primates (monkeys, apes, and humans). Despite a deep evolutionary divergence, adaptation to physically dissimilar environments, and very different neuroanatomical organization, some primates and cetaceans show striking convergence in social behavior, artificial 'language' comprehension, and self-recognition ability. Taken together, these findings have important implications for understanding the generality and specificity of those processes that underlie cognition in different species and the nature of the evolution of intelligence. | ||||
| Address | Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga. 30322, USA. lmarino@emory.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0006-8977 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12097858 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4158 | ||
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| Author | McGreevy, P.D.; Harman, A.; McLean, A.; Hawson, L. | ||||
| Title | Over-flexing the horse's neck: A modern equestrian obsession? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research | Abbreviated Journal | Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 180-186 |
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| Abstract |
We used an opportunistic review of photographs of different adult and juvenile horses walking, trotting, and cantering (n = 828) to compare the angle of the nasal plane relative to vertical in feral and domestic horses at liberty (n = 450) with ridden horses advertised in a popular Australian horse magazine (n = 378). We assumed that horses in advertisements were shown at, what was perceived by the vendors to be, their best. Of the ridden horses, 68% had their nasal plane behind the vertical. The mean angle of the unridden horses at walk, trot, and canter (30.7 ± 11.5; 27.3 ± 12.0; 25.5 ± 11.0) was significantly greater than those of the ridden horses (1.4 ± 14.1; ?5.1 ± ?11.1; 3.1 ± 15.4, P < 0.001). Surprisingly, unridden domestic horses showed greater angles than feral horses or domestic horses at liberty. We compared adult and juvenile horses in all 3 gaits and found no significant difference. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the longitudinal neck flexion of the degree desirable by popular opinion in ridden horses is not a common feature of unridden horses moving naturally. Moreover, they suggest that advertised horses in our series are generally being ridden at odds with their natural carriage and contrary to the international rules of dressage (as published by the International Equestrian Federation). These findings are discussed against the backdrop of the established doctrine, which states that carrying a rider necessitates changes in longitudinal flexion, and in the context of the current debate around hyperflexion. | ||||
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| Publisher | Elsevier | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2010.03.004 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6501 | ||
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| Author | Ramos-Fernández, G.; Boyer, D.; Aureli, F.; Vick, L. | ||||
| Title | Association networks in spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume | 63 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 999-1013-1013 |
| Keywords | Biomedical and Life Sciences | ||||
| Abstract |
We use two novel techniques to analyze association patterns in a group of wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) studied continuously for 8 years. Permutation tests identified association rates higher or lower than chance expectation, indicating active processes of companionship and avoidance as opposed to passive aggregation. Network graphs represented individual adults as nodes and their association rates as weighted edges. Strength and eigenvector centrality (a measure of how strongly linked an individual is to other strongly linked individuals) were used to quantify the particular role of individuals in determining the network's structure. Female–female dyads showed higher association rates than any other type of dyad, but permutation tests revealed that these associations cannot be distinguished from random aggregation. Females formed tightly linked clusters that were stable over time, with the exception of immigrant females who showed little association with any adult in the group. Eigenvector centrality was higher for females than for males. Adult males were associated mostly among them, and although their strength of association with others was lower than that of females, their association rates revealed a process of active companionship. Female–male bonds were weaker than those between same-sex pairs, with the exception of those involving young male adults, who by virtue of their strong connections both with female and male adults, appear as temporary brokers between the female and male clusters of the network. This analytical framework can serve to develop a more complete explanation of social structure in species with high levels of fission–fusion dynamics. | ||||
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| Publisher | Springer Berlin / Heidelberg | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0340-5443 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5220 | ||
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| Author | Anderson, C.; Franks, N.R. | ||||
| Title | Teams in animal societies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume | 12 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 534-540 |
| Keywords | animal societies, cooperation, division of labor, groups, invertebrates, task types, teams, vertebrates | ||||
| Abstract |
We review the existence of teams in animal societies. Teams have previously been dismissed in all but a tiny minority of insect societies. “Team” is a term not generally used in studies of vertebrates. We propose a new rigorous definition of a team that may be applied to both vertebrate and invertebrate societies. We reconsider what it means to work as a team or group and suggest that there are many more teams in insect societies than previously thought. A team task requires different subtasks to be performed concurrently for successful completion. There is a division of labor within a team. Contrary to previous reviews of teams in social insects, we do not constrain teams to consist of members of different castes and argue that team members may be interchangeable. Consequently, we suggest that a team is simply the set of individuals that performs a team task. We contrast teams with groups and suggest that a group task requires the simultaneous performance and cooperation of two or more individuals for successful completion. In a group, there is no division of labor--each individual performs the same task. We also contrast vertebrate and invertebrate teams and find that vertebrate teams tend to be associated with hunting and are based on individual recognition. Invertebrate teams occur in societies characterized by a great deal of redundancy, and we predict that teams in insect societies are more likely to be found in large polymorphic (“complex”) societies than in small monomorphic (“simple”) societies. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1093/beheco/12.5.534 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2070 | |||
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| Author | Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. | ||||
| Title | Socially biased learning in monkeys | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Learning & behavior : a Psychonomic Society publication | Abbreviated Journal | Learn Behav |
| Volume | 32 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 24-35 |
| Keywords | Adaptation, Psychological; Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Feeding Behavior/psychology; Food Preferences/psychology; Haplorhini/*psychology; *Imitative Behavior; Imprinting (Psychology); *Learning; *Social Environment; *Social Facilitation | ||||
| Abstract |
We review socially biased learning about food and problem solving in monkeys, relying especially on studies with tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and callitrichid monkeys. Capuchin monkeys most effectively learn to solve a new problem when they can act jointly with an experienced partner in a socially tolerant setting and when the problem can be solved by direct action on an object or substrate, but they do not learn by imitation. Capuchin monkeys are motivated to eat foods, whether familiar or novel, when they are with others that are eating, regardless of what the others are eating. Thus, social bias in learning about foods is indirect and mediated by facilitation of feeding. In most respects, social biases in learning are similar in capuchins and callitrichids, except that callitrichids provide more specific behavioral cues to others about the availability and palatability of foods. Callitrichids generally are more tolerant toward group members and coordinate their activity in space and time more closely than capuchins do. These characteristics support stronger social biases in learning in callitrichids than in capuchins in some situations. On the other hand, callitrichids' more limited range of manipulative behaviors, greater neophobia, and greater sensitivity to the risk of predation restricts what these monkeys learn in comparison with capuchins. We suggest that socially biased learning is always the collective outcome of interacting physical, social, and individual factors, and that differences across populations and species in social bias in learning reflect variations in all these dimensions. Progress in understanding socially biased learning in nonhuman species will be aided by the development of appropriately detailed models of the richly interconnected processes affecting learning. | ||||
| Address | Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA. doree@uga.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1543-4494 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15161138 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 828 | ||
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| Author | Reimers, M.; Schwarzenberger, F.; Preuschoft, S. | ||||
| Title | Rehabilitation of research chimpanzees: stress and coping after long-term isolation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Hormones and Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Horm Behav |
| Volume | 51 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 428-435 |
| Keywords | Adaptation, Psychological/*physiology; Animals; *Animals, Laboratory; Exploratory Behavior; Hydrocortisone/analysis/metabolism; Male; Models, Biological; *Pan troglodytes; Social Dominance; Social Environment; *Social Isolation/psychology; Stress/*rehabilitation/veterinary; Time | ||||
| Abstract |
We report on the permanent retirement of chimpanzees from biomedical research and on resocialization after long-term social isolation. Our aim was to investigate to what extent behavioral and endocrine measures of stress in deprived laboratory chimpanzees can be improved by a more species-typical social life style. Personality in terms of novelty responses, social dominance after resocialization and hormonal stress susceptibility were affected by the onset of maternal separation of infant chimpanzees and duration of deprivation. Chimpanzees, who were separated from their mothers at a younger age and kept in isolation for more years appeared to be more timid personalities, less socially active, less dominant and more susceptible to stress, as compared to chimpanzees with a less severe deprivation history. However, permanent retirement from biomedical research in combination with therapeutic resocialization maximizing chimpanzees' situation control resulted in reduced fecal cortisol metabolite levels. Our results indicate that chimpanzees can recover from severe social deprivation, and may experience resocialization as less stressful than solitary housing. | ||||
| Address | Department of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinarplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria. reimers@wild-vet.at | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0018-506X | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17292368 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4188 | ||
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| Author | Dugatkin, L.A.; Earley, R.L. | ||||
| Title | Group fusion: the impact of winner, loser, and bystander effects on hierarchy formation in large groups | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume | 14 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 367-373 |
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| Abstract |
We present the results of a series of computer simulations that examined the impact of winner, loser, and bystander effects on hierarchy formation in fused groups. These effects and their implications for hierarchy structure and aggressive interactions were first examined in small four-member groups. Subsequent to this, the two small groups were fused into a single larger group. Further interactions took place in this fused group, generating a new hierarchy. Our models demonstrate clearly that winner, loser, and bystander effects strongly influence both the structure and types of interactions that emerge from the fusion of smaller groups. Four conditions produced results in which the same general patterns were uncovered in pre- and postfusion groups: (1) winner effects alone, (2) bystander loser effects alone, (3) winner and bystander winner effects operating simultaneously, and (4) all four effects in play simultaneously. Outside this parameter space, hierarchy structure and the nature of aggressive interactions differed in pre- and postfusion groups. When only loser effects were in play, one of the two clear alphas from the prefused groups dropped in rank in the eight-member fused group. When bystander winner effects were in play, it was difficult to rank any of the eight individuals in the fused group, and players interacted almost exclusively with those that were not in their original four-member group. When loser and bystander loser effects operated simultaneously, two top-ranking individuals emerged in the fused groups, but the relative rank of the other players was difficult to assign. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1093/beheco/14.3.367 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 519 | ||
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