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Author | Malara, L.; De Pasquale, A.; Ingala, A.; Innella, G. | ||||
Title | The influence of management on horse behavioural reactivity in therapeutic riding programs. | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | IESM 2008 | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | Management; Horses; Therapeutic Riding; Behaviour; Reactivity | ||||
Abstract | We investigated 8 horses in five therapeutic riding centres situated in San Cataldo (Caltanissetta – I), Nicosia (Catania – II), Pellaro (Reggio Calabria – III), San Gregorio (Catania – IV), Niguarda Hospitals (Milan – V). The managements of the animals were of different typologies: Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3. In type 1 the horses were used for therapeutic riding only. Furthermore intra and interspecific social interactions were not allowed. In type 2 the horses played kinetic activities and made social interactions. In type 3 the horses were free in paddock, as intra and interspecific social interactions were allowed. The centre I, with a management of type 1, housed 1 horse (A1); the centre II, with a management of type 2, housed 1 horse (B2); the centre III, with a management of type 1, housed 1 horse (C1); the centre IV, with a management of type 2, housed 2 horses (D2 and E2); the centre V, with a management of type 3, housed 3 horses (F3, G3 and H3). Breeds of horses were: Anglo-Arab (n°1), Avelignese (n°3), Italian Selle (n°3), draught-horse crossbreed (n°1). They were 2 geldings and 6 females. Their ages ranged from 12 to 23 years. We observed a total of 64 patients affected by different pathologies: autism, motory handicap, blindness and deafness, children“s cerebral paralysis, relational problems, mental deficiency, Down”s syndrome. The horses“ behaviour was observed at rest and during therapeutic activities with these patients. The Heart Rate (HR) was used as physiological parameter for an ethological evaluation, measured by a telemetric heart rate monitor (Polar Horse Trainer). Horses were analysed with a reactivity test for emotional homeostasis evaluation, too. Heart rate values were studied with non parametrical statistical analysis methods. Distinct management typologies provided statistically different basal mean values of heart rate (intergroup and intragroup): Type 1 vs Type 2 (P~0.05) and Type 1 vs Type 3 (P<0.05). The comparison of heart rate during therapeutic activities of diverse management showed the following results: A1 vs B2 (P<0.05), B2 vs C1 (P<0.05), Type 1 vs Type 2 (P<0.01). Different managements, both in the same or different typologies, gave significantly diverse results (A1 vs E2: P~0.05; C1 vs E2: P~0.05; B2 vs E2: P~0.05). This study shows that the statistic differences obtained by therapies with autistic patients derive from management conditions of Type 1. In reactivity test there aren”t any significant differences among the three management typologies. However, we recorded strong variation between medium and maximum values of heart rate, especially in Type 1 and Type 2 of management. These high variations of heart rate indicated fear reaction of the horse to new stimuli. This reaction could lead to dangerous accidents for patients during therapeutic activities. Horses used in therapeutic riding programs must be evaluated before this employment. Horse's behaviour can be assessed by an ethological observation and a reactivity test. Furthermore, the horses must be guaranteed welfare conditions and must live in an environment enriched with sensorial stimuli and respectful of their physiological and ethological needs. |
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Address | Dept. of Experimental Sciences and Applied Biotechnologies, Unit of Applied Physiology and Comparative Ethology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – University of Messina, Italy. | ||||
Corporate Author | Innella, G. | Thesis | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | IESM 2008 | ||
Notes | Poster IESM 2008 | Approved | yes | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4491 | ||
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Author | Nagy, K.; Bodó, G.; Bárdos, G.; Harnos, A. | ||||
Title | Is modified Forssell"s operation superior to cribbing collar in preventing crib-biting in horses? | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | IESM 2008 | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | stereotypic behaviour, heart-rate variability, stress, equine welfare | ||||
Abstract | Crib-biting (wind-sucking) might be a coping response of the horses to the challenges of uncontrolled environmental events. Prevention of this stereotypic behaviour evokes physiological responses consistent with increased stress. Reducing the incidence of cribbiting, however, is important in order to prevent undesirable physical and behavioural consequences (tooth erosion, altered gut function, gastric inflammation/ulceration, colic, etc.). Common treatment of crib-biting is the application of a cribbing collar, which limits the flexion of the neck making this stereotypic movement uncomfortable and difficult. Another method, the modified Forssell“s operation, is becoming more and more popular amongst the horse owners. It is based on the removal of the muscles used in crib-biting (m.omohyoideus, m.sternohyoideus, m.sternothyrohyoideus) and the ventral branches of the spinal accessory nerves. Surveys on the success of this surgical procedure have revealed inconsistent results, and, contrary to the cribbing collar, its effect on the stress level have not been studied either. The aim of our study was to determine whether the modified Forssell”s procedure is superior to the cribbing collar treatment. Differences in stress management was tested by a crib-biting provoking test, in which surgically treated horses, crib-biting horses, crib-biting horses with cribbing collar, and normal horses (those showing no stereotypies), altogether 56 horses were compared. In this test, a food bucket had been placed out of the reach of the animal, from which titbits were given 3 times. Behaviour and heart rate variability (HRV) of the horses were recorded and analysed throughout the test. Hypotheses were tested by linear mixed model. According to our results, both prevention methods (collar or surgery) inhibited crib-biting successfully though not totally. Regarding behaviour and heart rate variability, horses prevented from crib-biting (by collar or surgery) differed significantly from crib-biting and normal horses but not from each other. Normal horses were usually trying to reach the food-bucket while present and were standing still afterwards, whereas the other three groups had not really made efforts to reach the bucket, spent less time with resting, and performed or tried crib-biting. During the stress-test, normal and crib-biting horses had shown good stress-adaptation to the challenge since their HRV, after an initial increase, returned to the basal value by the end. On the contrary, HRV of the two prevented groups remained elevated and showed large oscillations throughout. They had not found a successful coping behaviour either. Our results suggest that since prevention may significantly increase distress, the treatment in itself, without changing the motivation of the horse to perform the replacement behaviour – it seems to be unsatisfactory and insufficient. After prevention the motivation of the horse to perform crib-biting should be addressed. In addition, considering that prevention by collar and surgery had not resulted in any significant behavioural or physiological differences, the superiority of the modified Forssell"s procedure might be questioned. However, the surgery might be recommended if treatment with collar is ineffective. |
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Address | Szent István University, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078, Hungary;Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Budapest, Pázmány P. stny. 1/C, H-1117, Hungary | ||||
Corporate Author | Nagy, K. | Thesis | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | IESM 2008 | ||
Notes | Talk 15 min IESM 2008 | Approved | yes | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4492 | ||
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Author | Bigiani, A.; Mucignat-Caretta, C.; Montani, G.; Tirindelli, R. | ||||
Title | Pheromone reception in mammals | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 154 | Issue | Pages | 1-35 | |
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Abstract | Pheromonal communication is the most convenient way to transfer information regarding gender and social status in animals of the same species with the holistic goal of sustaining reproduction. This type of information exchange is based on pheromones, molecules often chemically unrelated, that are contained in body fluids like urine, sweat, specialized exocrine glands, and mucous secretions of genitals. So profound is the relevance of pheromones over the evolutionary process that a specific peripheral organ devoted to their recognition, namely the vomeronasal organ of Jacobson, and a related central pathway arose in most vertebrate species. Although the vomeronasal system is well developed in reptiles and amphibians, most mammals strongly rely on pheromonal communication. Humans use pheromones too; evidence on the existence of a specialized organ for their detection, however, is very elusive indeed. In the present review, we will focus our attention on the behavioral, physiological, and molecular aspects of pheromone detection in mammals. We will discuss the responses to pheromonal stimulation in different animal species, emphasizing the complicacy of this type of communication. In the light of the most recent results, we will also discuss the complex organization of the transduction molecules that underlie pheromone detection and signal transmission from vomeronasal neurons to the higher centers of the brain. Communication is a primary feature of living organisms, allowing the coordination of different behavioral paradigms among individuals. Communication has evolved through a variety of different strategies, and each species refined its own preferred communication medium. From a phylogenetic point of view, the most widespread and ancient way of communication is through chemical signals named pheromones: it occurs in all taxa, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The release of specific pheromones into the environment is a sensitive and definite way to send messages to other members of the same species. Therefore, the action of an organism can alter the behavior of another organism, thereby increasing the fitness of either or both. Albeit slow in transmission and not easily modulated, pheromones can travel around objects in the dark and over long distances. In addition, they are emitted when necessary and their biosynthesis is usually economic. In essence, they represent the most efficient tool to refine the pattern of social behaviors and reproductive strategies. © Springer-Verlag 2005. | ||||
Address | Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4570 | ||
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Author | Fiske, J.C.; Potter, G.D. | ||||
Title | Discrimination reversal learning in yearling horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1979 | Publication | J. Anim. Sci. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim. Sci. |
Volume | 49 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 583-588 |
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Abstract | Twenty-six yearling horses were tested on a serial reversal learning discrimination combining spatial and brightness cues. An original discrimination of rewarded or nonrewarded stimuli was made followed by 20 daily reversals for position/brightness discrimination. Learning criteria were defined as 11 out of 12 correct, with the last eight responses all correct. Each horse was allowed 30 trials per discrimination to achieve criteria. Mean errors (ME) and mean trials (MT) required to achieve criteria were computed for each horse. A relative learning ability index (LAI) was calculated by the formula 1000/MT/ME. A daily emotionality score, based on a scale of one (tranquil) to six (very excitable) was assigned each horse each day after testing and a mean computed for each horse. A single subjective trainability score, based on a scale of one (difficult to train) to six (easy to train) was obtained for each horse from an independent trainer. Linear regression analyses for all 26 horses revealed a reduction in MT and ME (P<.01) over the 21-day test period indicating evidence of learning to learn. Differences (P<.05) were evident between sexes for MT and ME. Significant correlations between trainability scores and learning ability indices MT, ME, and LAI were evident for colts and geldings but not for fillies. Pooled data showed significant correlations between ME and trainability. There was a negative correlation (P<.05) between emotionality and trainability scores for all 26 horses, although the filly group did not exhibit significant correlation between these parameters. | ||||
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Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 31; Export Date: 24 October 2008 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4583 | ||
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Author | McCall, C.A.; Potter, G.D.; Friend, T.H.; Ingram, R.S. | ||||
Title | Learning abilities in yearling horses using the Hebb-Williams closed field maze | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1981 | Publication | J. Anim. Sci. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim. Sci. |
Volume | 53 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 928-933 |
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Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 9; Export Date: 24 October 2008 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4613 | ||
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Author | Vallortigara, G.; Rogers, L.J. | ||||
Title | Survival with an asymmetrical brain: advantages and disadvantages of cerebral lateralization | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | The Behavioral and Brain Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Behav Brain Sci |
Volume | 28 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 575-89; discussion 589-633 |
Keywords | Animals; Attention/*physiology; Behavior/*physiology; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Dominance, Cerebral/*physiology; *Evolution; Humans; Models, Biological; Visual Perception/physiology | ||||
Abstract | Recent evidence in natural and semi-natural settings has revealed a variety of left-right perceptual asymmetries among vertebrates. These include preferential use of the left or right visual hemifield during activities such as searching for food, agonistic responses, or escape from predators in animals as different as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. There are obvious disadvantages in showing such directional asymmetries because relevant stimuli may be located to the animal's left or right at random; there is no a priori association between the meaning of a stimulus (e.g., its being a predator or a food item) and its being located to the animal's left or right. Moreover, other organisms (e.g., predators) could exploit the predictability of behavior that arises from population-level lateral biases. It might be argued that lateralization of function enhances cognitive capacity and efficiency of the brain, thus counteracting the ecological disadvantages of lateral biases in behavior. However, such an increase in brain efficiency could be obtained by each individual being lateralized without any need to align the direction of the asymmetry in the majority of the individuals of the population. Here we argue that the alignment of the direction of behavioral asymmetries at the population level arises as an “evolutionarily stable strategy” under “social” pressures occurring when individually asymmetrical organisms must coordinate their behavior with the behavior of other asymmetrical organisms of the same or different species. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology and B.R.A.I.N. Centre for Neuroscience, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy. vallorti@univ.trieste.it | ||||
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ISSN | 0140-525X | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:16209828 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4622 | ||
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Author | Berge, J.; Cottier, F.; Last, K.S.; Varpe, O.; Leu, E.; Soreide, J.; Eiane, K.; Falk-Petersen, S.; Willis, K.; Nygard, H.; Vogedes, D.; Griffiths, C.; Johnsen, G.; Lorentzen, D.; Brierley, A.S. | ||||
Title | Diel vertical migration of Arctic zooplankton during the polar night | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Biology Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Biol Lett |
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Abstract | High-latitude environments show extreme seasonal variation in physical and biological variables. The classic paradigm of Arctic marine ecosystems holds that most biological processes slow down or cease during the polar night. One key process that is generally assumed to cease during winter is diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton. DVM constitutes the largest synchronized movement of biomass on the planet, and is of paramount importance for marine ecosystem function and carbon cycling. Here we present acoustic data that demonstrate a synchronized DVM behaviour of zooplankton that continues throughout the Arctic winter, in both open and ice-covered waters. We argue that even during the polar night, DVM is regulated by diel variations in solar and lunar illumination, which are at intensities far below the threshold of human perception. We also demonstrate that winter DVM is stronger in open waters compared with ice-covered waters. This suggests that the biologically mediated vertical flux of carbon will increase if there is a continued retreat of the Arctic winter sea ice cover. | ||||
Address | University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratories, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK | ||||
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ISSN | 1744-9561 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:18948249 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4629 | ||
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Author | Patris, B.; Perrier, G.; Schaal, B.; Coureaud, G. | ||||
Title | Early development of filial preferences in the rabbit: implications of nursing- and pheromone-induced odour learning? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 76 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 305-314 |
Keywords | learning; mammary pheromone; mother-young relationship; Oryctolagus cuniculus; rabbit; recognition | ||||
Abstract | Newborn rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, discriminate between different categories of adult conspecifics on the basis of their abdominal odour cues. Whether these cues can support the development of filial preferences has not been adequately tested. Using a two-choice paradigm, we assessed the ability of 3-8-day-old pups to orient selectively to the mother versus an unfamiliar female, either spontaneously or after odour conditioning. In experiment 1, nonconditioned pups roamed indifferently over the mother and an unfamiliar female. In experiment 2, pups conditioned to a neutral odorant while nursing or with the mammary pheromone became attracted by the odorant. In experiment 3, pups that had learned the odorant while nursing oriented for longer to any female carrying it, but the unscented mother and a scented unfamiliar female were equally attractive. Finally, in experiment 4, pups that had learned the odorant paired with the mammary pheromone showed a preference for their scented mother, but not systematically for a scented unfamiliar female; furthermore, they were equally attracted by the unscented mother and a scented unfamiliar female. In sum, pups did not spontaneously evince an olfactory preference for the mother when opposed to an unfamiliar female, although they seemed able to detect individual maternal odours. In fact, they appeared to react to both species-specific cues and individual cues that they had learned, and their responses depended on their degree of familiarity with the cues and on the context. The mammary pheromone by itself might act as both a releasing and a reinforcing signal in these early socially oriented behaviours. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4646 | ||
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Author | Howard, R.W.; Blomquist, G.J. | ||||
Title | Ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of insect hydrocarbons | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Annual Review of Entomology | Abbreviated Journal | Annu Rev Entomol |
Volume | 50 | Issue | Pages | 371-393 | |
Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Hydrocarbons/*metabolism; Insects/*physiology; Pheromones/*physiology; Reproduction; Species Specificity | ||||
Abstract | This review covers selected literature from 1982 to the present on some of the ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of hydrocarbon use by insects and other arthropods. Major ecological and behavioral topics are species- and gender-recognition, nestmate recognition, task-specific cues, dominance and fertility cues, chemical mimicry, and primer pheromones. Major biochemical topics include chain length regulation, mechanism of hydrocarbon formation, timing of hydrocarbon synthesis and transport, and biosynthesis of volatile hydrocarbon pheromones of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. In addition, a section is devoted to future research needs in this rapidly growing area of science. | ||||
Address | USDA-ARS, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA. howardks@ksu.edu | ||||
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ISSN | 0066-4170 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15355247 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4650 | ||
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Author | Beauchamp, G. | ||||
Title | Individual Differences In Activity And Exploration Influence Leadership In Pairs Of Foraging Zebra Finches | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Behaviour |
Volume | 137 | Issue | Pages | 301-314 | |
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Abstract | This study investigated the role of dominance and level of activity and exploration on leadership in zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata) searching for food. In pairs of zebra finches fairly matched in size and that experienced the same level of food deprivation, the same bird consistently reached first one foraging patch over several trials. The same pattern of arrival to food occurred when resources were provided in two distant patches available concurrently, a situation that would potentially allow subordinates a greater access to resources. In further testing, the formation of new pairs with the same birds led to several changes in leadership, indicating that leadership is not an absolute feature. The member of a pair that proved to be the most active and exploratory during independent, solitary trials became the leader in nearly all pairs tested. The same pattern held true in newly rearranged pairs where individuals often experienced changes in dominance status. Dominance failed to be associated with leadership in all tests. The results suggest that in a relatively egalitarian species, level of activity and exploration may be a stronger predictor of leadership than dominance. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4698 | ||
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