Hinde, R. A. (1978). Dominance and role—two concepts with dual meanings. J. Soc. Biol. Struct., 1(1), 27–38.
Abstract: ‘Dominance’ and ‘role’ are used in the study of human and animal social structures. It is argued here that each of these concepts is useful in two logically distinct contexts. Dominance may refer to the pattern of imbalance of interactions within a dyadic relationship in so far as that pattern is consistent between dyads, or it may refer to an aspect of group structure, namely the extent to which the individuals can be ranked in terms of who bosses whom. There is no necessary reason why these two concepts of dominance should be related. Within any group the interactions within relationships may or may not show similar patterns of imbalance, and there may or may not be an hierarchy. Role may refer to the determinants of the behaviour of incumbents of certain positions in society, or to the consequences of their behaviour on the structure of the group. Determinants and consequences of the behaviour of incumbents may be related, but are not always so. Thus, to avoid confusion in the use of each of these concepts it is essential to define precisely the manner in which it is being used.
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Herron, M. A., Martin, J. E., & Joyce, J. R. (1978). Quantitative study of the decussating optic axons in the pony, cow, sheep, and pig. Am. J. Vet .Res., 39(7), 1137–9.
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Murphy, L. B. (1978). The practical problems of recognizing and measuring fear and exploration behaviour in the domestic fowl. Anim. Behav., 26, Part 2, 422–431.
Abstract: In studying behaviour supposedly motivated by fear or by exploration, consideration should be given to the biological functions of these two systems and to the ways in which the experimental environment may affect the performance of ‘natural’ responses. Extreme caution is needed in comparing the effectiveness of different stimuli and the amounts of fear or exploration represented by different responses. In particular, it should never be assumed when making such comparisons that the relative intensities of different stimuli and responses are constant.
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Coblentz, B. E. (1978). The effects of feral goats (Capra hircus) on island ecosystems. Biol Conserv, 13.
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Alexander, F. (1978). The effect of some anti-diarrhoeal drugs on intestinal transit and faecal excretion of water and electrolytes in the horse. Equine Vet J, 10(4), 229–234.
Abstract: The effect of morphine, Tinct. opii, loperamide, pethidine and atropine on intestinal transit and the faecal and urinary excretion of water and electrolytes was studied in ponies. The rate of passage of a particulate marker was slowed by morphine, hastened then slowed by loperamide and Tinct. opii, and hastened by atropine. The liquid marker was slowed by Tinct. opii and hastened then slowed by the other drugs. Only loperamide decreased the faecal sodium excretion. This drug also decreased faecal water and weight; it appeared worthy of clinical trial in diarrhoea. Tinct. opii decreased by morphine, pethidine and atropine increased faecal water.
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Shettleworth, S. J. (1978). Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 4(2), 152–169.
Abstract: The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer.
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Curcher Cs, R. M. (1978). Equidae. In: Maglio V H4.J & Cooke H B S (eds). Evolution of African Mammals 379-422, .
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DIRSCHL HJ et al,. (1978). Preliminary results from an aereal census of livestock and wildlife of Kenya s rangelands.
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Dirschl Hj, W. S. (1978). Grevy's Zebra abundance and distribution in Kenya, 1977. Ministry Tourism and Wildl; Areal survey rep ser, 4.
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Dirschl Hj, W. S. (1978). Population indices and distribution of the Grevy's Zebra in Kenya, 1977. Aerial Survey Rep, 4.
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