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Zentall, S. S., Zentall, T. R., & Barack, R. C. (1978). Distraction as a function of within-task stimulation for hyperactive and normal children. J Learn Disabil, 11(9), 540–548.
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Zentall, T. R., & Hogan, D. E. (1978). Same/different concept learning in the pigeon: the effect of negative instances and prior adaptation to transfer stimuli. J Exp Anal Behav, 30(2), 177–186.
Abstract: Pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample or oddity-from-sample task with shapes (circle and plus). Half of each group was exposed to “negative instance” trials i.e., for matching birds, neither comparison key matched the sample, and for oddity birds both comparison keys matched the sample. When all birds were transferred to a new task involving colors (red and green), nonshifted birds (transferred from matching to matching, or oddity to oddity) performed significantly better than shifted birds (transferred from matching to oddity, or oddity to matching), but only if they had experienced negative instances of the training concept. When all birds were exposed to negative instances of the transfer task and then transferred to a new color task (yellow and blue), dramatic transfer effects were observed. The effect of pre-exposure to the yellow and blue colors, in order to reduce transfer-stimulus novelty, had a minor effect on transfer.
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von Goldschmidt-Rothschild, V. B., & Tschanz, B. (1978). Soziale Organisation und Verhalten einer Jungtierherde beim Camargue-Pferd. Z. Tierpsychol., 46, 372–400.
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Houpt, K. A., Law, K., & Martinisi, V. (1978). Dominance hierarchies in domestic horses. Appl. Animal. Ethol., 4(3), 273–283.
Abstract: Dominance hierarchies were studied in 11 herds of domestic horses and ponies (Equus caballus). A paired feeding test was utilized to establish the dominance--subordination relationship between each pair of animals in a herd. Aggressive actions, threats, bites, kicks and chases were also recorded. In small herds linear hierarchies were formed, but in large herds triangular relationships were observed. Aggression was correlated with dominance rank. Body weight, but not age, appear to affect rank in the equine hierarchy. Juvenile horses were more likely to share feed with each other than were adult horses and were usually subordinate to adult horses. The daughters of a dominant mare were dominant within their own herds.
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Schusdziarra, H., Schusdziarra, V. (1978). Gymnasium des Reiters.
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Zeeb, K., & Schnitzter, U. (1978). Equus caballus (Equidae) – Ruheverhalten, Hinlegen und Aufstehen. E.C., Film E 1620 des IWF Begleittext.
Abstract: Equus caballus (Equidae)-Behaviour at Rest, Lying down and Rising. The film shows the
behaviour at rest of the primitive horses of the Duke of Croy at DulmenNestphalia. With
the aid of several individual animals, complete relaxation, reclining and rising are shown.
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Sorensen, A. B. (1978). Mathematical Models in Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 4(1), 345–371.
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Parker, G. A., & MacNair, M. R. (1978). Models of parent-offspring conflict. I. Monogamy. Anim. Behav., 26, 97–110.
Abstract: Theoretical models for Trivers (1974) concept of parent-offspring conflict are examined for species in which the effects of the conflict are felt by full sibs. A rare conflictor gene will spread if Image , whereÆ’(m) is the fitness gained by a conflictor relative to a non-conflictor offspring (Æ’(m) >1), and m is the amount of parental investment taken by a conflictor relative to m = 1 for a non-conflictor. The range of m alleles which can spread against the parent optimum decreases as the cost to the parent increases until a point is reached where there is no conflict of evolutionary interests. There would be no polymorphism for conflictor: non-conflictor alleles unless special conditions prevail. The conflictor allele which spreads most rapidly as a rare mutant against the parental optimum is not an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). The ESS for parent-offspring conflict in monogamous species has m0 = Æ’(m0)/2[dÆ’(m0)/dm0]. The analytical solutions are confirmed throughout by simulations.
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Ödberg, F. O. (1978). A Study of the Hearing Ability of Horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 10(2), 82–84.
Abstract: SUMMARY The ability of 10 horses to hear frequencies between 14 and 25 Kc/s was tested. The horses appeared to perceive ultrasounds by showing either fright reactions or Pryer reflexes to all of the 12 frequencies. The highest frequencies were heard less by older animals, and elicited more reactions in geldings than in mares. RÉSUMÉ Le pouvoir auditif de 10 chevaux à entendre des fréquences comprises entre 14 et 25 kilocycles a étééprouvée. Les chevaux semblent percevoir des ultrasons en réagissant par des attitudes de frayeur ou par des réflexes de PRYER à toutes les fréquences étudiées. Les fréquences les plus élevées sont perues moins facilement par les chevaux agés et provoquèrent des réactions plus vives chez les hongres que chez les juments. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Bei 10 Pferden wurde die Fähigkeit untersucht, Frequenzen zwischen 14 und 25 Kc/sec zu hören. Die Pferde schienen Ultraschall hören zu können: sie manifestierten Angst oder Pryer-Reflexe bei allen 12 Frequenzen. Die höchsten Frequenzen konnten von älteren Tieren weniger gut wahrgenommen werden; sie riefen auch bei Wallachen stärkere Reaktionen hervor als bei Stuten.
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Stammbach, E. (1978). On Social Differentiation in Groups of Captive Female Hamadryas Baboons. Behaviour, 67(3-4), 322–338.
Abstract: The social differentiation in small groups of captive female hamadryas baboons was examined. Two positions could be distinguished: The highest ranking female, denoted as central individual, monopolized nearly all the presenting, mounting and grooming interactions. The lower ranking females, denoted as peripheral individuals, competed for access to the central female. All dyads of a group were arranged in a rank order according to the amount of sociopositive interaction which they reached within the group. This order of prevalence of dyads was positively correlated with the sum of dominance ranks of the dyad and the mutual attraction as estimated by choice tests. A multiple rank correlation demonstrated that the influence of the sum of ranks and of mutual attraction were nearly independent. If an individual's relationship to the central female had a higher rank of prevalence than that of its rival, it intervened more often and more successfully when the rival tried to interact with the central female. Interventions served to defend rather than to establish relationships. The results are compared with other studies that discuss basic principles governing structuring processes in nonhuman primate groups.
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