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Author |
Clement, T.S.; Feltus, J.R.; Kaiser, D.H.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
“Work ethic” in pigeons: reward value is directly related to the effort or time required to obtain the reward |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Psychon Bull Rev |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
100-106 |
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Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cognition/physiology; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Female; Male; Reinforcement (Psychology); *Reward; Time Factors |
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Abstract |
Stimuli associated with less effort or with shorter delays to reinforcement are generally preferred over those associated with greater effort or longer delays to reinforcement. However, the opposite appears to be true of stimuli that follow greater effort or longer delays. In training, a simple simultaneous discrimination followed a single peck to an initial stimulus (S+FR1 S-FR1) and a different simple simultaneous discrimination followed 20 pecks to the initial stimulus (S+FR20 S-FR20). On test trials, pigeons preferred S+FR20 over S+FR1 and S-FR20 over S-FR1. These data support the view that the state of the animal immediately prior to presentation of the discrimination affects the value of the reinforcement that follows it. This contrast effect is analogous to effects that when they occur in humans have been attributed to more complex cognitive and social factors. |
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University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA |
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1069-9384 |
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PMID:10780022 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
248 |
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Author |
Sole, L.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Bennett, P.J. |
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Title |
Uncertainty in pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Psychon Bull Rev |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
738-745 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Decision Making; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reward; Transfer (Psychology); Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
Pigeons classified a display of illuminated pixels on a touchscreen as sparse or dense. Correct responses were reinforced with six food pellets; incorrect responses were unreinforced. On some trials an uncertain response option was available. Pecking it was always reinforced with an intermediate number of pellets. Like monkeys and people in related experiments, the birds chose the uncertain response most often when the stimulus presented was difficult to classify correctly, but in other respects their behavior was not functionally similar to human behavior based on conscious uncertainty or to the behavior of monkeys in comparable experiments. Our data were well described by a signal detection model that assumed that the birds were maximizing perceived reward in a consistent way across all the experimental conditions. |
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University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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1069-9384 |
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PMID:14620372 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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366 |
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Author |
Miyashita, Y.; Nakajima, S.; Imada, H. |
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Title |
Panel-touch behavior of horses established by an autoshaping procedure |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
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Psychological Reports |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Psychol Rep |
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Volume |
85 |
Issue |
3 Pt 1 |
Pages |
867-868 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/*physiology; Horses/physiology; *Touch |
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Abstract |
Panel-touch behavior of 3 geldings was successfully established by a response-termination type of autoshaping procedure. An omission or negative contingency introduced after the training of an animal, however, decreased the response rate to a near-zero level. |
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Department of Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan |
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0033-2941 |
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PMID:10672748 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1926 |
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Author |
Lee, C.M.; Ryan, J.J.; Kreiner, D.S. |
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Title |
Personality in domestic cats |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Psychological Reports |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Psychol Rep |
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Volume |
100 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
27-29 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Domestic/*psychology; *Behavior, Animal; Cats/*psychology; Humans; *Personality |
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Abstract |
Personality ratings of 196 cats were made by their owners using a 5-point Likert scale anchored by 1: not at all and 5: a great deal with 12 items: timid, friendly, curious, sociable, obedient, clever, protective, active, independent, aggressive, bad-tempered, and emotional. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation identified three intepretable components. Component I had high loadings by active, clever, curious, and sociable. Component II had high loadings by emotional, friendly, and protective, Component III by aggressive and bad-tempered, and Component IV by timid. Sex was not associated with any component, but age showed a weak negative correlation with Component I. Older animals were rated less social and curious than younger animals. |
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Department of Psychology, 1111 Lovinger, Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, MO 64093, USA |
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0033-2941 |
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PMID:17450998 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4103 |
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Author |
Roper, K.L.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Directed forgetting in animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Psychological bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Psychol Bull |
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Volume |
113 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
513-532 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; Conditioning (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders/*psychology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis |
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Abstract |
Directed-forgetting research with animals suggests that animals show disrupted test performance only under certain conditions. Important variables are (a) whether during training, the cue to forget (F cue) signals nonreward (i.e., that the trial is over) versus reward (i.e., that reinforcement can be obtained) and (b) given that reinforcement can be obtained on F-cue trials, whether the post-F-cue response pattern is compatible with the baseline memory task. It is proposed that some findings of directed forgetting can be attributed to trained response biases, whereas others may be attributable perhaps to frustration-produced interference. It is suggested that directed forgetting in animals should be studied using procedures similar to those used to study directed forgetting in humans. This can be accomplished by presenting, within a trial, both to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten material. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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0033-2909 |
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PMID:8316612 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
259 |
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Author |
Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Optimal stimulation: a model of disordered activity and performance in normal and deviant children |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Psychological bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Psychol Bull |
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Volume |
94 |
Issue |
3 |
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446-471 |
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*Arousal; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*psychology; Autistic Disorder/*psychology; Behavior Therapy; Child; Humans |
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0033-2909 |
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PMID:6657825 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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264 |
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Author |
Barton, R.A. |
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Title |
Neocortex size and behavioural ecology in primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the Royal Society B |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B |
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Volume |
263 |
Issue |
1367 |
Pages |
173-177 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Brain/*anatomy & histology; Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; *Ecology; Evolution; Primates/anatomy & histology/*physiology/psychology; Regression Analysis; Species Specificity |
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Abstract |
The neocortex is widely held to have been the focus of mammalian brain evolution, but what selection pressures explain the observed diversity in its size and structure? Among primates, comparative studies suggest that neocortical evolution is related to the cognitive demands of sociality, and here I confirm that neocortex size and social group size are positively correlated once phylogenetic associations and overall brain size are taken into account. This association holds within haplorhine but not strepsirhine primates. In addition, the neocortex is larger in diurnal than in nocturnal primates, and among diurnal haplorhines its size is positively correlated with the degree of frugivory. These ecological correlates reflect the diverse sensory-cognitive functions of the neocortex. |
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Department of Anthropology, University of Durham |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:8728982 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4783 |
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Author |
Horner, V.; Whiten, A.; Flynn, E.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Faithful replication of foraging techniques along cultural transmission chains by chimpanzees and children |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
103 |
Issue |
37 |
Pages |
13878-13883 |
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Animals; Child, Preschool; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Pan troglodytes/*psychology |
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Abstract |
Observational studies of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have revealed population-specific differences in behavior, thought to represent cultural variation. Field studies have also reported behaviors indicative of cultural learning, such as close observation of adult skills by infants, and the use of similar foraging techniques within a population over many generations. Although experimental studies have shown that chimpanzees are able to learn complex behaviors by observation, it is unclear how closely these studies simulate the learning environment found in the wild. In the present study we have used a diffusion chain paradigm, whereby a behavior is passed from one individual to the next in a linear sequence in an attempt to simulate intergenerational transmission of a foraging skill. Using a powerful three-group, two-action methodology, we found that alternative methods used to obtain food from a foraging device (“lift door” versus “slide door”) were accurately transmitted along two chains of six and five chimpanzees, respectively, such that the last chimpanzee in the chain used the same method as the original trained model. The fidelity of transmission within each chain is remarkable given that several individuals in the no-model control group were able to discover either method by individual exploration. A comparative study with human children revealed similar results. This study is the first to experimentally demonstrate the linear transmission of alternative foraging techniques by non-human primates. Our results show that chimpanzees have a capacity to sustain local traditions across multiple simulated generations. |
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Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, United Kingdom |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:16938863 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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159 |
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Plotnik, J.M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Reiss, D. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Self-recognition in an Asian elephant |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
103 |
Issue |
45 |
Pages |
17053-17057 |
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Animals; Asia; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Elephants/*psychology; Female; Photic Stimulation |
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Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to test whether they would pass the litmus “mark test” for MSR in which an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality and cooperation. |
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Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, 532 North Kligo Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:17075063 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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408 |
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Author |
Chase, I.D.; Tovey, C.; Spangler-Martin, D.; Manfredonia, M. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Individual differences versus social dynamics in the formation of animal dominance hierarchies |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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99 |
Issue |
8 |
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5744-5749 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Fishes; Humans; *Social Behavior; *Social Dominance |
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Linear hierarchies, the classical pecking-order structures, are formed readily in both nature and the laboratory in a great range of species including humans. However, the probability of getting linear structures by chance alone is quite low. In this paper we investigate the two hypotheses that are proposed most often to explain linear hierarchies: they are predetermined by differences in the attributes of animals, or they are produced by the dynamics of social interaction, i.e., they are self-organizing. We evaluate these hypotheses using cichlid fish as model animals, and although differences in attributes play a significant part, we find that social interaction is necessary for high proportions of groups with linear hierarchies. Our results suggest that dominance hierarchy formation is a much richer and more complex phenomenon than previously thought, and we explore the implications of these results for evolutionary biology, the social sciences, and the use of animal models in understanding human social organization. |
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Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4356, USA. Ichase@notes.cc.sunysb.edu |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:11960030 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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442 |
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