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| Author | Bartal, I.B.-A.; Decety, J.; Mason, P. | ||||
| Title | Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal  |
Science |
| Volume | 334 | Issue | 6061 | Pages | 1427-1430 |
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| Abstract | Whereas human pro-social behavior is often driven by empathic concern for another, it is unclear whether nonprimate mammals experience a similar motivational state. To test for empathically motivated pro-social behavior in rodents, we placed a free rat in an arena with a cagemate trapped in a restrainer. After several sessions, the free rat learned to intentionally and quickly open the restrainer and free the cagemate. Rats did not open empty or object-containing restrainers. They freed cagemates even when social contact was prevented. When liberating a cagemate was pitted against chocolate contained within a second restrainer, rats opened both restrainers and typically shared the chocolate. Thus, rats behave pro-socially in response to a conspecific�s distress, providing strong evidence for biological roots of empathically motivated helping behavior. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1126/science.1210789 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5725 | ||
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| Author | John, E.R.; Chesler, P.; Bartlett, F.; Victor, I. | ||||
| Title | Observation Learning in Cats | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1968 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume | 159 | Issue | 3822 | Pages | 1489-1491 |
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| Abstract | In two experiments cats acquired a stimulus-controlled approach or avoidance response by observational or conventional shaping procedures. Observer cats acquired the avoidance response (hurdle jumping in response to a buzzer stimulus) significantly faster and made fewer errors than cats that were conventionally trained. Observer cats acquired the approach response (lever pressing for food in response to a light stimulus) with significantly fewer errors than cats that were conventionally trained. In some cases, observer cats committed one or no errors while reaching criterion. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6422 | ||
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| Author | Zajonc, R.B. | ||||
| Title | Social Facilitation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1965 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume | 149 | Issue | 3681 | Pages | 269-274 |
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| Abstract | 300 Multiple ChoicesThis is a pdf-only article and there is no markup to show you.full-text.pdf | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6565 | ||
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| Author | Miller, J.A. | ||||
| Title | Telling a quagga by its stripes. (extinct South African animal) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1985 | Publication | Science News | Abbreviated Journal |
Sci. News |
| Volume | 128 | Issue | Pages | 70 | |
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| Abstract | If, in a mix-up at a costume shop, a couple were issued the front half of a zebra suit and the back half of a horse, it could be considered a quagga disguise. But if the masqueraders were pressed as to whether they were more horse or more zebra, the latest biochemical research advises them to insist on zebra. The quagga, a South African animal extinct for more than 100 years, has been a source of confusion among taxonomists. Some contend, on the basis of the quagga skins preserved in museums, that this front-striped animal is a zebra, either a fourth zebra species or a variant of the Plains zebra, whose hindquarter stripes are dim. But others have argued that the quagga's teeth and skeleton indicate that its nearest relative is the true horse. Biochemists joined the fray last year when muscle tissue was obtained from a salt-preserved quagga pelt in a West German museum. The tissue yielded both proteins and genes that could be analyzed (SN:6/9/84, p. 356). Now the analysis has yielded some results. According to “remarkably concordant” findings on the proteins and on the genes, the quagga was a subspecies of the Plains zebra, says Jerold M. Lowenstein of the University of California at San Francisco. He looked at the binding between a sample of quagga proteins and mixtures of antibodies that bind to blood-serum proteins of each of the extant Equus species. The quagga sample bound more of the antibodies against Plains zebra serum than against the other species. Lowenstein calculates that the quagga relationship with the Plains zebra is six times closer than its relationship with the two other zebra species. “We had to use special techniques to show the difference,” Lowenstein told SCIENCE NEWS. “There is 99 percent identity on the protein level. All the [Equus] species diverged within the past 5 million years, which is only yesterday in evolutionary terms.” The quagga-Plains zebra relationship is further supported by the analysis of quagga mitochondrial genes performed by Russell Higuchi and Allan Wilson at the University of California at Berkeley. They find seven times as great a difference between quagga and Mountain zebra DNA as they do between quagga and Plains zebra DNA. “Stripes, the molecules tell us, do make a zebra,” Lowenstein concludes in the July 18 NEW SCIENTIST, “and the half-striped quagga was a Plains zebra.” |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2375 | ||
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| Author | Henry, S.; Fureix, C.; Rowberry, R.; Bateson, M.; Hausberger, M. | ||||
| Title | Do horses with poor welfare show 'pessimistic' cognitive biases? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | The Science of Nature | Abbreviated Journal |
Sci. Nat. |
| Volume | 104 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 8 |
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| Abstract | This field study tested the hypothesis that domestic horses living under putatively challenging-to-welfare conditions (for example involving social, spatial, feeding constraints) would present signs of poor welfare and co-occurring pessimistic judgement biases. Our subjects were 34 horses who had been housed for over 3 years in either restricted riding school situations (e.g. kept in single boxes, with limited roughage, ridden by inexperienced riders; N = 25) or under more naturalistic conditions (e.g. access to free-range, kept in stable social groups, leisure riding; N = 9). The horses' welfare was assessed by recording health-related, behavioural and postural indicators. Additionally, after learning a location task to discriminate a bucket containing either edible food ('positive' location) or unpalatable food ('negative' location), the horses were presented with a bucket located near the positive position, near the negative position and halfway between the positive and negative positions to assess their judgement biases. The riding school horses displayed the highest levels of behavioural and health-related problems and a pessimistic judgment bias, whereas the horses living under more naturalistic conditions displayed indications of good welfare and an optimistic bias. Moreover, pessimistic bias data strongly correlated with poor welfare data. This suggests that a lowered mood impacts a non-human species' perception of its environment and highlights cognitive biases as an appropriate tool to assess the impact of chronic living conditions on horse welfare. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1432-1904 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Henry2017 | Serial | 6665 | ||
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| Author | Rilling, M.E.; Neiworth, J.J. | ||||
| Title | How animals use images | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1991 | Publication | Science Progress | Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Prog |
| Volume | 75 | Issue | 298 Pt 3-4 | Pages | 439-452 |
| Keywords | Animals; Association Learning; Columbidae; *Concept Formation; *Imagination; *Mental Recall; Motion Perception; Problem Solving; *Thinking; *Visual Perception | ||||
| Abstract | Animal cognition is a field within experimental psychology in which cognitive processes formerly studied exclusively with people have been demonstrated in animals. Evidence for imagery in the pigeon emerges from the experiments described here. The pigeon's task was to discriminate, by pecking the appropriate choice key, between a clock hand presented on a video screen that rotated clockwise with constant velocity from a clock hand that violated constant velocity. Imagery was defined by trials on which the line rotated from 12.00 o'clock to 3.00 o'clock, then disappeared during a delay, and reappeared at a final stop location beyond 3.00 o'clock. After acquisition of a discrimination with final stop locations at 3.00 o'clock and 6.00 o'clock, the evidence for imagery was the accurate responding of the pigeons to novel locations at 4.00 o'clock and 7.00 o'clock. Pigeons display evidence of imagery by transforming a representation of movement that includes a series of intermediate steps which accurately represent the location of a moving stimulus after it disappears. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824 | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0036-8504 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:1842858 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2831 | ||
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| Author | Corr, J.A. | ||||
| Title | Nuns and monkeys: investigating the behavior of our oldest old | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Science of Aging Knowledge Environment : SAGE KE | Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Aging Knowledge Environ |
| Volume | 2004 | Issue | 41 | Pages | pe38 |
| Keywords | Aged; Aged, 80 and over/*physiology; Aging/*physiology; Animals; Behavior/*physiology; Humans; Macaca mulatta | ||||
| Abstract | The use of nonhuman primates, particularly rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), as the best model for human physiological and cognitive aging is broadly accepted. Studies employing nonhuman primates to investigate behavioral changes that may occur with increasing age, however, are not common mostly because of the unavailability of appropriate subjects. Recent longitudinal human studies suggest that individual personality might play a large role in aging “successfully” and in the retention of high levels of cognition into old age. As a result of the demographic trend of increasing numbers of aged monkeys and apes in captivity, an opportunity exists to further investigate behavioral aging using the monkey model. | ||||
| Address | Department of Anthropology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA. corrj@gvsu.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1539-6150 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15483334 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2828 | ||
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| Author | Vrba, Elisabeth S. | ||||
| Title | Environment and evolution: alternative causes of the temporal distribution of evolutionary events | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1985 | Publication | South African Journal of Science | Abbreviated Journal |
S Afr J Anim Sci |
| Volume | 81 | Issue | Pages | 229-236 | |
| Keywords | evolution, paleontology, turnover pulse | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5463 | ||
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| Author | Marr, I.; Preisler, V.; Farmer, K.; Stefanski, V.; Krueger, K. | ||||
| Title | Non-invasive stress evaluation in domestic horses (Equus caballus): impact of housing conditions on sensory laterality and immunoglobulin A | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication | Royal Society Open Science | Abbreviated Journal |
Royal Society Open Science |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 191994 |
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| Abstract | The study aimed to evaluate sensory laterality and concentration of faecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) as non-invasive measures of stress in horses by comparing them with the already established measures of motor laterality and faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs). Eleven three-year-old horses were exposed to known stressful situations (change of housing, initial training) to assess the two new parameters. Sensory laterality initially shifted significantly to the left and faecal FGMs were significantly increased on the change from group to individual housing and remained high through initial training. Motor laterality shifted significantly to the left after one week of individual stabling. Faecal IgA remained unchanged throughout the experiment. We therefore suggest that sensory laterality may be helpful in assessing acute stress in horses, especially on an individual level, as it proved to be an objective behavioural parameter that is easy to observe. Comparably, motor laterality may be helpful in assessing long-lasting stress. The results indicate that stress changes sensory laterality in horses, but further research is needed on a larger sample to evaluate elevated chronic stress, as it was not clear whether the horses of the present study experienced compromised welfare, which it has been proposed may affect faecal IgA. | ||||
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| Publisher | Royal Society | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | doi: 10.1098/rsos.191994 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6608 | ||
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| Author | Brinkmann, L.; Gerken, M.; Riek, A. | ||||
| Title | Effect of long-term feed restriction on the health status and welfare of a robust horse breed, the Shetland pony (Equus ferus caballus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Research in Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal |
Res. Vet. Sci. |
| Volume | 94 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 826-831 |
| Keywords | Animal welfare; Blood parameter; Extensive housing; Feed restriction; Horse; Winter conditions | ||||
| Abstract | Outdoor group housing is increasingly recognized as an appropriate housing system for domesticated horses. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of potential feed shortage in semi-natural horse keeping systems in winter on animal health and welfare. In 10 female Shetland ponies blood concentrations (NEFA, total protein (TP), total bilirubin (TB), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and thyroxine (T4)), body mass and the body condition score (BCS) were monitored for 7months including a 4months period of feed restriction in five of the 10 ponies. Restrictively fed animals lost 18.4±2.99% of their body mass and the BCS decreased by 2.2±0.8 points (BCS scale: 0=emaciated, 5=obese). Feed restriction led to a continuous increase in TB (P<0.001) and NEFA (P<0.01) concentrations compared to control ponies. The TP and BHB values only differed at the end of the trial with lower concentrations in restricted fed mares (P<0.05). Feed restriction had no effect on thyroxine concentrations. TB concentrations in the feed restricted group were out of the reference range during the entire feeding trial. The increased NEFA concentrations in feed restricted compared to control ponies suggest that fat was mobilized. The BCS, as well as plasma NEFA and TB concentrations were good indicators for a rapid detection of possible health problems caused by undernourishment in horses when kept under semi-natural conditions. In contrast, blood parameters of the control animals were within the reference ranges, suggesting that a year round outdoor housing with additional feed supply is an adequate housing system for a robust horse breed like the Shetland pony. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0034-5288 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6601 | ||
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