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Author Naylor, J.M.; Poirier, K.L.; Hamilton, D.L.; Dowling, P.M.
Title The effects of feeding and fasting on gastrointestinal sounds in adult horses Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Abbreviated Journal (up) J Vet Intern Med
Volume 20 Issue 6 Pages 1408-1413
Keywords Animals; Auscultation/methods/*veterinary; *Digestive Physiology; Fasting/*physiology; Gastrointestinal Motility/physiology; Gastrointestinal Transit/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Postprandial Period/*physiology; Sound
Abstract The effect of changes in feed intake on auscultatable gastrointestinal sounds has not been systematically studied. Disagreement also is present in the literature about variation in sounds according to the quadrant of auscultation. Gastrointestinal sounds were recorded over the center of the left dorsal, left ventral, right ventral, and right dorsal quadrants and over the middle of the right abdominal flank. During 24 hours (n = 4) or 48 hours (n = 5) of fasting, there was a reduction in the intensity of gastrointestinal sounds as assessed by analysis of sound recordings. There was also a reduction in the number of mixing-like and propulsive-like sounds heard by 2 blinded observers. After refeeding, there was a marked increase in sound. Sound intensity varied among abdominal quadrants, but blinded observers did not notice significant differences in the number of mixing-like sounds. The left dorsal quadrant was quieter than others during fasting and refeeding. The right ventral quadrant appeared to be least affected by fasting, and sounds were louder over the right ventral and right middle quadrants than over the others. The blinded observers' perceptions of sound correlated poorly with one another and with objective measures of sound intensity. This experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of computerized analysis of abdominal sound in detecting a reduction in the intensity of gastrointestinal sounds during fasting and their return during refeeding. The left dorsal quadrant was quieter than other quadrants, likely because of its position over the small colon. There was considerable observer variation in the number of intestinal sounds heard.
Address Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies. jnaylor@rossvet.edu.kn
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ISSN 0891-6640 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:17186858 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1844
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Author Voss, B.; Mohr, E.; Krzywanek, H.
Title Effects of aqua-treadmill exercise on selected blood parameters and on heart-rate variability of horses Type Journal Article
Year 2002 Publication Journal of Veterinary Medicine. A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine Abbreviated Journal (up) J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med
Volume 49 Issue 3 Pages 137-143
Keywords Animals; Electrocardiography/veterinary; Exercise Test/veterinary; Female; Heart Rate/*physiology; Hemoglobins/metabolism; Horses/*physiology; Lactic Acid/blood; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/*physiology; Water
Abstract The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of Aquatraining of horses (aqua-treadmill exercise; treadmill manufactured by Equitech – L.u.S. Equipment, Warendorf, Germany) on selected blood parameters [lactic acid concentration (mmol/l), haemoglobin content (g/l)] and on heart-rate variability (HRV) [heart rate (beats per min; b.p.m.), standard deviation of all NN-intervals (SDNN; ms), normalized power of the low and high frequency band (LFnorm, Hfnorm; au), % recurrence, % determinism and ratio(corr)]. Seven horses performed six exercise tests with different work loads (walking (x = 1.56 +/- 0.08 m/s) and trotting (x = 2.9 +/- 0.13 m/s): dry, water above the carpus and water above the elbow). The standardized test-protocol was: 5 min warm-up at walk while the water was pumped in, followed by the 20-min exercise period at walk or trot, followed by a 5-min walk while pumping out the water. Blood samples were taken prior to each test at rest in the stable, as well as exactly 5 min after the end of the 20-min exercise period. Electrocardiograms were recorded during rest and the 20-min exercise period. Compared to rest, neither the chosen velocities, the two water levels, nor the dry tests led to a significant increase of the lactic acid concentration in any horse. The haemoglobin content showed a significant increase as a result of exercise. Significant differences could be found between the heart rates at rest and the six exercise tests and between the mean of the levels 'walking' and the mean of the levels 'trotting'. An exercise-induced change of HRV was characterized by a decreasing SDNN, a significantly higher LFnorm (sympathetic influence) combined with a significantly lower HF(norm) power (parasympathetic activity) and a rising degree of order (significantly higher % determinism and nearly unchanged % recurrence) and stability (significantly rising ratio(corr)) of the recurrence plot. In conclusion, the used training-protocol for aqua-treadmill exercises only represents a medium-sized aerobic work load for horses, but the different levels of burden were indicated especially by changes in HRV.
Address Institute for Veterinary Physiology of the Free University Berlin, Germany
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ISSN 0931-184X ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:12019954 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4049
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Author Tobin, T.; Combie, J.D.
Title Performance testing in horses: a review of the role of simple behavioral models in the design of performance experiments Type Journal Article
Year 1982 Publication Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics Abbreviated Journal (up) J Vet Pharmacol Ther
Volume 5 Issue 2 Pages 105-118
Keywords Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology; Animals; Apomorphine/pharmacology; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fentanyl/pharmacology; Horses/*physiology; Methylphenidate/pharmacology; *Models, Biological; Motor Activity/drug effects
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ISSN 0140-7783 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:6125601 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1957
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Author Carroll, J.; Murphy, C.J.; Neitz, M.; Hoeve, J.N.; Neitz, J.
Title Photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision in the horse Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Journal of Vision Abbreviated Journal (up) J Vis
Volume 1 Issue 2 Pages 80-87
Keywords Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Color Perception/*physiology; Cones (Retina)/chemistry/*physiology; Electroretinography; Horses/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Phototransduction/physiology; Retinal Pigments/analysis/*physiology; Visual Perception/physiology
Abstract Horses, like other ungulates, are active in the day, at dusk, dawn, and night; and, they have eyes designed to have both high sensitivity for vision in dim light and good visual acuity under higher light levels (Walls, 1942). Typically, daytime activity is associated with the presence of multiple cone classes and color-vision capacity (Jacobs, 1993). Previous studies in other ungulates, such as pigs, goats, cows, sheep and deer, have shown that they have two spectrally different cone types, and hence, at least the photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision (Neitz & Jacobs, 1989; Jacobs, Deegan II, Neitz, Murphy, Miller, & Marchinton, 1994; Jacobs, Deegan II, & Neitz, 1998). Here, electroretinogram flicker photometry was used to measure the spectral sensitivities of the cones in the domestic horse (Equus caballus). Two distinct spectral mechanisms were identified and are consistent with the presence of a short-wavelength-sensitive (S) and a middle-to-long-wavelength-sensitive (M/L) cone. The spectral sensitivity of the S cone was estimated to have a peak of 428 nm, while the M/L cone had a peak of 539 nm. These two cone types would provide the basis for dichromatic color vision consistent with recent results from behavioral testing of horses (Macuda & Timney, 1999; Macuda & Timney, 2000; Timney & Macuda, 2001). The spectral peak of the M/L cone photopigment measured here, in vivo, is similar to that obtained when the gene was sequenced, cloned, and expressed in vitro (Yokoyama & Radlwimmer, 1999). Of the ungulates that have been studied to date, all have the photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision; however, they differ considerably from one another in the spectral tuning of their cone pigments. These differences may represent adaptations to the different visual requirements of different species.
Address Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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ISSN 1534-7362 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:12678603 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4060
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Author Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.; Carnevale, J.
Title Feeding and drinking behavior of mares and foals with free access to pasture and water Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Journal of animal science Abbreviated Journal (up) J. Anim Sci.
Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages 883-889
Keywords Animals; *Drinking Behavior; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Poaceae; Seasons; Temperature; Time Factors
Abstract The feeding and drinking behavior of 11 mares and 15 foals living on pasture with free access to water was recorded during 2,340 15-min focal samples taken over 2 yr. Lactating mares on pasture spent about 70% of the day feeding. Foals began feeding on their first day of life. As they grew older, they spent progressively more time feeding, but still spent only 47 +/- 6% of the time feeding by 21 wk of age. Foals fed primarily during the early morning and evening. While grass formed the major proportion of the diet of both foals and mares, they also ate clay, humus, feces, bark, leaves and twigs. Almost all feeding by foals was done while their mothers were feeding. Movement to water sources was frequently, but not invariably, carried out by an entire herd. Frequency (P = .005) but not duration (P greater than .05) of drinking bouts by mares increased as the temperature increased. Frequency was greatest at 30 to 35 C, at which temperature mares drank once every 1.8 h. Frequency of drinking varied with the time of day (P less than .01), being rarest during the early morning (0500 to 0900 h eastern daylight time) and most frequent during the afternoon (1300 to 1700 h). Drinking by foals was very rare. The youngest age at which a foal was observed to drink was 3 wk, and 8 of 15 foals were never observed to drink before weaning.
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ISSN 0021-8812 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:3988655 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 54
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Author Houpt, K.A.; Parsons, M.S.; Hintz, H.F.
Title Learning ability of orphan foals, of normal foals and of their mothers Type Journal Article
Year 1982 Publication Journal of animal science Abbreviated Journal (up) J. Anim Sci.
Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages 1027-1032
Keywords Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Horses/*physiology; *Learning; *Maternal Deprivation; Mothers/*psychology
Abstract The maze learning ability of six pony foals that had been weaned at birth was compared to that of six foals reared normally. The foals' learning ability was also compared to their mothers' learning ability at the same task; the correct turn in a single choice point maze. The maze learning test was conducted when the foals were 6 to 8 mo old and after the mothered foals had been weaned. There was no significant difference between the ability of orphaned (weaned at birth) and mothered foals in their ability to learn to turn left (6 +/- .7 and 5.1 +/- .1 trials, respectively) or to learn the reversal, to turn right (6.7 +/- .6 and 6.2 +/- .6 trials, respectively). The orphan foals spent significantly more time in the maze in their first exposure to it than the mothered foals (184 +/- 42 vs 55 +/- 15 s. Mann Whitney U = 7, P less than .05). The mothers of the foals (n = 11) learned to turn left as rapidly as the foals (5.9 +/- .7 trials), but they were slower to learn to turn right (9.8 +/- 1.4 vs 6.4 +/- .4 trials, Mann Whitney U = 33, P less than .05), indicating that the younger horses learned more rapidly. There was no correlation between the trials to criteria of the mare and those of her foal, but there was a significant negative correlation between rank in trials to criteria and age (r = -65, P less than .05) when data from the mare and foal trials were combined. The dominance hierarchy of the mares was determined using a paired feeding test in which two horses competed for one bucket of feed. Although there was no correlation between rank in the hierarchy and maze learning ability, there was a correlation between body weight and rank in the hierarchy (r = .7, P less than .05). This may indicate either that heavier horses are likely to be dominant or that horses high in dominance gain more weight. Maternal deprivation did not appear to seriously retard learning of a simple maze by foals, although the orphans moved more slowly initially. The lack of maternal influence on learning is also reflected in the lack of correlation between the mare's learning ability and that of her foal. Young horses appear to learn more rapidly than older horses.
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ISSN 0021-8812 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:7174546 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 58
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Author Mader, D.R.; Price, E.O.
Title Discrimination learning in horses: effects of breed, age and social dominance Type Journal Article
Year 1980 Publication Journal of animal science Abbreviated Journal (up) J. Anim Sci.
Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 962-965
Keywords Aging; Animals; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Horses/*physiology; *Social Dominance
Abstract The discrimination learning ability of Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds was compared by means of visual cues in a three-choice test with food as a reward. Quarter Horses learned significantly faster than Thoroughbreds, and learning progressed more rapidly for both breeds in a second discrimination task. Significant negative correlations were observed between age and rate of learning. Quarter Horses tended to be less reactive than Thoroughbreds, but individual emotional reactivity ratings and learning scores were not correlated. No correlation was found between social dominance and learning scores. Learning studies with horses may provide a better understanding of the behavioral traits that influence trainability in this species.
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ISSN 0021-8812 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:7390949 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 679
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Author Krzak, W.E.; Gonyou, H.W.; Lawrence, L.M.
Title Wood chewing by stabled horses: diurnal pattern and effects of exercise Type Journal Article
Year 1991 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal (up) J. Anim Sci.
Volume 69 Issue 3 Pages 1053-1058
Keywords Animal Feed; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Circadian Rhythm; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; *Mastication; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage; Videotape Recording; Wood
Abstract Nine yearling horses, stabled in individual stalls, were used in a trial to determine the diurnal pattern of wood chewing and the effects of exercise on this behavior. The trial was a Latin square design conducted over three 2-wk periods during which each horse was exposed to each of the three following treatments: 1) no exercise (NE), 2) exercise after the morning feeding (AM), and 3) exercise in the afternoon (PM). Horses were fed a complete pelleted feed in the morning and both pelleted feed and long-stemmed hay in the afternoon. Exercise consisted of 45 min on a mechanical walker followed by 45 min in a paddock with bare soil. Each stall was equipped with two untreated spruce boards during each period for wood chewing. Wood chewing was evaluated by videotaping each horse for 22 h during each period, determining the weight and volume of the boards before and after each period, and by visual appraisal of the boards. Intake of trace mineralized salt was also measured. Wood chewing occurred primarily between 2200 and 1200. All measures of wood chewing were correlated when totals for the entire 6 wk were analyzed. When analysis was performed on 2-wk values, videotape results were not correlated with volume or weight loss of boards. Horses chewed more when on the NE treatment (511 s/d) than when on AM or PM (57 and 136 s/d, respectively; P less than .05). Salt intake tended to be greater for NE than for the other treatments (P less than .10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Address Dept. of Anim. Sci., University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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ISSN 0021-8812 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:2061237 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1949
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Author Ralston, S.L.
Title Controls of feeding in horses Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal (up) J. Anim Sci.
Volume 59 Issue 5 Pages 1354-1361
Keywords Animal Feed; Animals; Digestive Physiology; Energy Metabolism; Feeding Behavior/*physiology; Food Preferences; Horses/*physiology; Oropharynx/physiology; Satiation/physiology; Smell; Taste
Abstract Members of the genus Equus are large, nonruminant herbivores. These animals utilize the products of both enzymatic digestion in the small intestine and bacterial fermentation (volatile fatty acids) in the cecum and large colon as sources of metabolizable energy. Equine animals rely primarily upon oropharyngeal and external stimuli to control the size and duration of an isolated meal. Meal frequency, however, is regulated by stimuli generated by the presence and (or) absorption of nutrients (sugars, fatty acids, protein) in both the large and small intestine plus metabolic cues reflecting body energy stores. The control of feeding in this species reflects its evolutionary development in an environment which selected for consumption of small, frequent meals of a variety of forages.
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ISSN 0021-8812 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:6392275 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1954
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Author Heird, J.C.; Lennon, A.M.; Bell, R.W.
Title Effects of early experience on the learning ability of yearling horses Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal (up) J. Anim Sci.
Volume 53 Issue 5 Pages 1204-1209
Keywords Animals; Conditioning (Psychology); Female; *Handling (Psychology); Horses/*physiology; *Learning
Abstract Twenty-four yearling Quarter Horse fillies were divided into three groups (I) very limited handling, (II) intermediate handling and (III) extensive handling. At about 14 months of age, each horse was preconditioned for 2 weeks and then run in a simple place-learning T-maze test in which it had to locate its feed. Thirty trials were run daily for 20 days, with the location of the feed changed each day. To retire from the maze, a horse had to meet the criterion: 11 correct responses in 12 tries, with the last eight being consecutive. Horses in Group II required the fewest trials to reach criterion. These horses also learned more and had the highest percentage of correct responses (P less than .05). Mean trainability tended to predict learning ability; however, trainability and trials to criterion were not significantly correlated. Mean emotionality scores indicated a tendency for horses in the intermediately handled group to be less emotional than those in Group I or III. Results indicated that horses with an intermediate amount of handling scored higher on an intermediate test of learning. All handled horses scored higher on learning tests than those not handled.
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ISSN 0021-8812 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:7319966 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3577
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