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Author Bartal, I.B.-A.; Decety, J.; Mason, P. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal (up) Science  
  Volume 334 Issue 6061 Pages 1427-1430  
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  Abstract Whereas human pro-social behavior is often driven by empathic concern for another, it is unclear whether nonprimate mammals experience a similar motivational state. To test for empathically motivated pro-social behavior in rodents, we placed a free rat in an arena with a cagemate trapped in a restrainer. After several sessions, the free rat learned to intentionally and quickly open the restrainer and free the cagemate. Rats did not open empty or object-containing restrainers. They freed cagemates even when social contact was prevented. When liberating a cagemate was pitted against chocolate contained within a second restrainer, rats opened both restrainers and typically shared the chocolate. Thus, rats behave pro-socially in response to a conspecific�s distress, providing strong evidence for biological roots of empathically motivated helping behavior.  
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  Notes 10.1126/science.1210789 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5725  
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Author John, E.R.; Chesler, P.; Bartlett, F.; Victor, I. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Observation Learning in Cats Type Journal Article
  Year 1968 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal (up) Science  
  Volume 159 Issue 3822 Pages 1489-1491  
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  Abstract In two experiments cats acquired a stimulus-controlled approach or avoidance response by observational or conventional shaping procedures. Observer cats acquired the avoidance response (hurdle jumping in response to a buzzer stimulus) significantly faster and made fewer errors than cats that were conventionally trained. Observer cats acquired the approach response (lever pressing for food in response to a light stimulus) with significantly fewer errors than cats that were conventionally trained. In some cases, observer cats committed one or no errors while reaching criterion.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6422  
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Author Zajonc, R.B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Social Facilitation Type Journal Article
  Year 1965 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal (up) Science  
  Volume 149 Issue 3681 Pages 269-274  
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  Abstract 300 Multiple ChoicesThis is a pdf-only article and there is no markup to show you.full-text.pdf  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6565  
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Author Berger J, openurl 
  Title Ecology and catastrophic mortality in wild horses: Implantations for interpreting fossil assemblages Type Journal Article
  Year 1983 Publication Abbreviated Journal (up) Science 220  
  Volume Issue Pages 1403-1404  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 937  
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Author Goodwin, D.; McGreevy, P.; Waran, N.; McLean, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title How equitation science can elucidate and refine horsemanship techniques Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication The Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal (up) Special Issue: Equitation Science  
  Volume 181 Issue 1 Pages 5-11  
  Keywords Horse; Training; Equitation; Learning theory; Ethology; Cognition  
  Abstract The long-held belief that human dominance and equine submission are key to successful training and that the horse must be taught to [`]respect' the trainer infers that force is often used during training. Many horses respond by trialling unwelcome evasions, resistances and flight responses, which readily become established. When unable to cope with problem behaviours, some handlers in the past might have been encouraged to use harsh methods or devices while others may have called in a so-called [`]good horseman' or [`]horse whisperer' to remediate the horse. Frequently, the approaches such practitioners offer could not be applied by the horse's owner or trainer because of their lack of understanding or inability to apply the techniques. Often it seemed that these [`]horse-people' had magical ways with horses (e.g., they only had to whisper to them) that achieved impressive results although they had little motivation to divulge their techniques. As we begin to appreciate how to communicate with horses sensitively and consistently, misunderstandings and misinterpretations by horse and trainer should become less common. Recent studies have begun to reveal what comprises the simplest, most humane and most effective mechanisms in horse training and these advances are being matched by greater sharing of knowledge among practitioners. Indeed, various practitioners of what is referred to here as [`]natural horsemanship' now use techniques similar to the [`]whisperers' of old, but they are more open about their methods. Reputable horse trainers using natural horsemanship approaches are talented observers of horse behaviour and respond consistently and swiftly to the horse's subtle cues during training. For example, in the roundpen these trainers apply an aversive stimulus to prompt a flight response and then, when the horse slows down, moves toward them, or offers space-reducing affiliative signals, the trainer immediately modifies his/her agonistic signals, thus negatively reinforcing the desired response. Learning theory and equine ethology, the fundamentals of the emerging discipline of equitation science, can be used to explain almost all the behaviour modification that goes on in these contexts and in conventional horsemanship. By measuring and evaluating what works and what does not, equitation science has the potential to have a unifying effect on traditional practices and developing branches of equitation.  
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  ISSN 1090-0233 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4826  
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Author McGreevy, P.D.; Oddie, C.; Burton, F.L.; McLean, A.N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The horse–human dyad: Can we align horse training and handling activities with the equid social ethogram? Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication The Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal (up) Special Issue: Equitation Science  
  Volume 181 Issue 1 Pages 12-18  
  Keywords Horse training; Social inter- and intra-specific communication; Learning; Counter–predator behaviour  
  Abstract This article examines the recently completed equid ethogram and shows how analogues of social interactions between horses may occur in various human–horse interactions. It discusses how some specific horse–horse interactions have a corresponding horse–human interaction – some of which may be directly beneficial for the horse while others may be unusual or even abnormal. It also shows how correspondent behaviours sometimes become inappropriate because of their duration, consistency or context. One analogue is unlikely to hold true for all horse–human contexts, so when applying any model from horse–horse interactions to human–horse interactions, the limitations of the model may eclipse the intended outcome of the intervention. These limitations are especially likely when the horse is being ridden. Such analyses may help to determine the validity of extrapolating intra-specific interactions to the inter-specific setting, as is advocated by some popular horse-training methods, and highlight the subsequent limitations where humans play the role of the ‘alpha mare’ or leader in horse handling and training. This examination provides a constructive framework for further informed debate and empirical investigation of the critical features of successful intra-specific interactions.  
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  ISSN 1090-0233 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5729  
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Author Legare, C.H.; Nielsen, M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Imitation and Innovation: The Dual Engines of Cultural Learning Type Journal Article
  Year Publication Trends in Cognitive Sciences Abbreviated Journal (up) Trends in Cognitive Sciences  
  Volume 19 Issue 11 Pages 688-699  
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  Abstract Imitation and innovation work in tandem to support cultural learning in children and facilitate our capacity for cumulative culture. Here we propose an integrated theoretical account of how the unique demands of acquiring instrumental skills and cultural conventions provide insight into when children imitate, when they innovate, and to what degree. For instrumental learning, with an increase in experience, high fidelity imitation decreases and innovation increases. By contrast, for conventional learning, imitative fidelity stays high, regardless of experience, and innovation stays low. We synthesize cutting edge research on the development of imitative flexibility and innovation to provide insight into the social learning mechanisms underpinning the uniquely human mind.  
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  Publisher Elsevier Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 1364-6613 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.005 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5931  
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Author Rosati, A.G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Foraging Cognition: Reviving the Ecological Intelligence Hypothesis Type Journal Article
  Year 2017 Publication Trends in Cognitive Sciences Abbreviated Journal (up) Trends in Cognitive Sciences  
  Volume 21 Issue 9 Pages 691-702  
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  Abstract What are the origins of intelligent behavior? The demands associated with living in complex social groups have been the favored explanation for the evolution of primate cognition in general and human cognition in particular. However, recent comparative research indicates that ecological variation can also shape cognitive abilities. I synthesize the emerging evidence that ?foraging cognition? ? skills used to exploit food resources, including spatial memory, decision-making, and inhibitory control ? varies adaptively across primates. These findings provide a new framework for the evolution of human cognition, given our species? dependence on costly, high-value food resources. Understanding the origins of the human mind will require an integrative theory accounting for how humans are unique in both our sociality and our ecology.  
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  ISSN 1364-6613 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.05.011 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6586  
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