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| Author | Lomas, C.A.; Piggins, D.; Phillips, C.J.C. | ||||
| Title | Visual awareness | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal  |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 57 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 247-257 |
| Keywords | Visual awareness; Colour vision; Rhythm | ||||
| Abstract | Awareness varies between different species and humans can never truly appreciate what it is like to be another individual, either of the same species or another. Visual perceptual faculties provide some evidence of the extent to which domesticated animals derive information from objects in their environment, whilst changes in behaviour resulting from different visual stimuli can also provide valuable information on the state of visual awareness. Extensive processing of potentially visual information must occur in all domesticated species, but is much less well understood than purely sensory based information. For example, sensory aspects of colour vision are reasonably well understood, but the role of wavelength variables in an animal's cognition and its colour experience is not clear. Considerable use is made of diurnal changes in photoperiod to synchronise endogenous rhythms to particular times of the day and the year. Variation in light intensity in natural images is also important for social reasons for animals to be able to discriminate between, e.g., different faces, but little is known about intensity preferences or the effects of intensity on behaviour. It appears likely that in many cases visual stimuli represent some of the most important influences on an animal's awareness, either alone or in combination with, e.g., olfactory cues. However, a much greater understanding of their processing is required before we can make useful deductions about visual awareness in domesticated animals. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4309 | ||
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| Author | Veissier, I.; Boissy, A.; Nowak, R.; Orgeur, P.; Poindron, P. | ||||
| Title | Ontogeny of social awareness in domestic herbivores | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 57 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 233-245 |
| Keywords | Animal; Environment; Relationship | ||||
| Abstract | It is now well established that domestic animals construct responses to their environment that depend on experience and on integration of several features of the environment, including social partners. This ability to be aware of the environment is not fully developed at birth but improves and varies through the animal's life. This topic is discussed on the basis of social processes in sheep and cattle. Social relationships of an animal with its conspecifics develop with age; they do not merely depend on pre-programmed behaviours but rely at least in part on learning of characteristics of the partners. Soon after birth, a strong preferential bond establishes with the dam then to a lesser extent, the young associates to other members of the flock, especially other young. The attractiveness of the group varies later in life due to external events or to physiological state: the abrupt separation from the dam at artificial weaning strengthens bonds between peers, whereas around parturition, females are less disturbed by isolation from the group. More recently, the awareness of social partners has been described in non-social contexts: the animal modifies its responses to events according to the presence of partners, and also to their emotional state and behaviour. The effects of partners seem to depend on their relationship with the animal and also on the social motivation of that animal, which both vary during its life. We recommend study of the ontogeny of awareness using the model of social influences. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour Team @ birgit.flauger @ | Serial | 4326 | ||
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| Author | Kronfeld, D.S.; Custalow, S.E.; Ferrante, P.L.; Taylor, L.E.; Wilson, J.A.; Tiegs, W. | ||||
| Title | Acid-base responses of fat-adapted horses: relevance to hard work in the heat | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 59 | Issue | 1-3 | Pages | 61-72 |
| Keywords | Acid-base; Strong ion difference; pCO2; Exercise; Fat adaptation; Corn oil; Ambient heat; Horse | ||||
| Abstract | Feeding and training may affect acid-base responses to strenuous exercise. Acidosis usually correlates with higher blood lactate concentrations during intense exercise, but alkalosis has been found in several studies of horses, and higher lactate responses during sprints have been found in fat adapted horses. To elucidate these unexpected findings, we applied a comprehensive physicochemical approach to evaluate acid-base responses during exercise in fat adapted horses. In incremental tests and repeated sprints, changes in blood [H+] were dependent upon corresponding changes in pCO2 but not strong ion difference (SID, the algebraic sum of ions of sodium, potassium, chloride and lactate). The influence of changes in [Lac-] were largely offset by changes in [Na+], [K+] and [Cl-], so that SID was unchanged and did not contribute to the exercise induced acidemia, so it may be inaccurate to term this a lacticacidosis. During repeated sprints, central venous [H+] increased (acidosis) but arterial [H+] decreased (alkalosis). These changes were consistent with concurrent changes in venous and arterial pCO2 but not SID. Fat adaptation decreased mixed venous pCO2 during repeated sprints, which is consistent with the lower respiratory quotient associated with fat oxidation. Less pulmonary work to eliminate CO2 could benefit horses under hot and humid conditions, especially those with mildly reduced pulmonary function. The blood lactate response was decreased during aerobic tests but increased during anaerobic tests on fat adapted horses. Fat adaptation appears to facilitate the metabolic regulation of glycolysis, by sparing glucose and glycogen at work of low intensity, but by promoting glycolysis when power is needed for high intensity exercise. The blood lactate response to repeated sprints was increased more by the combination of fat adaptation and oral supplementation of sodium bicarbonate than by the sum of the responses to fat alone or bicarbonate alone. This synergism suggests that need for further studies of the interaction of fat adaptation with dietary cation-anion balance, especially under hot conditions. These results integrate harmoniously with previous findings of lower feed intake and fecal output, lower loads of heat and CO2, lower water losses in the feces and by evaporation, and less spontaneous activity and reactivity in fat adapted horses. Thus fat adaptation confers several advantages on horses and presumably other equids used for hard work, especially in the heat. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4832 | ||
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| Author | Weng, R.C.; Edwards, S.A.; English, P.R. | ||||
| Title | Behaviour, social interactions and lesion scores of group-housed sows in relation to floor space allowance | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 59 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 307-316 |
| Keywords | Pig-social behaviour; Space requirements; Anomalous behaviour | ||||
| Abstract | The space allowance appropriate for sows in group housing remains scientifically undefined, since the social space requirement of a group of animals and the factors which affect this are unknown. Eight established groups of six pregnant, multiparous sows were used in a replicated Latin Square design of experiment, with 7 day periods, to compare four pen sizes providing 2.0, 2.4, 3.6 or 4.8 m2/sow. For the last 48 h of each 7 day period, a continuous video recording was made to determine general behaviour and all social interactions. Time spent rooting increased progressively with increasing space allowance, whereas time spent sitting and standing inactive were both progressively reduced. The total frequency of social interactions and aggressive behaviour both increased with decreasing space allowance. The Attack:Retreat ratio was significantly higher, and the Avoidance Index significantly lower, in the smallest pen. All body regions had the highest count of lesions after sows had been in the smallest pen, with damage levels being reduced as pen area increased. Analysis of body lesion scores, combining incidence and severity, gave the same treatment effects. In conclusion, the results indicated that a minimum space of between 2.4 and 3.6 m2/sow was necessary in the conditions of this experiment to promote good welfare. This result cannot be generalised to situations of different group size, group stability or feeding method. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5474 | ||
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| Author | Daniel, J.C.; Mikulka, P.J. | ||||
| Title | Discrimination learning in the white rhinoceros | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 58 | Issue | 1–2 | Pages | 197-202 |
| Keywords | Rhinoceros; Learning | ||||
| Abstract | This study examined the ability of two adult white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) to develop a visual discrimination between an open circle and a triangle. These stimuli were presented as black symbols on large white cards. The cards were presented 4.6 m apart and a food reward was given if the subject approached the open circle. Ten discrimination choices were given daily until each subject reached the criterion of 80% correct responding over a block of 50 trials. The female reached the criterion over trials 151–200, while the male required considerably longer (trials 501–550). The male's discrimination was dramatically affected by a shift in the food reward. This study demonstrates that these rhinos were able to develop a successful discrimination and this protocol could be used to further examine their visual acuity. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6145 | ||
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| Author | Klingel, H. | ||||
| Title | Observations on social organization and behaviour of African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Anim Behav Sci |
| Volume | 60 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 103-113 |
| Keywords | Equus africanus Equus hemionus Territoriality | ||||
| Abstract | 1This paper appears with kind permission of Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg. It was originally published in Z. Tierpsychol., 44, 323-331 (1977), ISSN 0044-3573/ASTM-Coden: ZETIAG.1 Abstract African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) live in unstable groups or herds of variable composition. Some of the adult stallions are territorial in large territories in which they tolerate other ♂♂. The territorial ♂♂ are dominant over all their conspecifics |
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| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6173 | ||
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| Author | Griffin, D.R. | ||||
| Title | From cognition to consciousness | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 1 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-16 |
| Keywords | Animal minds – Cognitive ethology – Cognition – Consciousness | ||||
| Abstract | This paper proposes an extension of scientific horizons in the study of animal behavior and cognition to include conscious experiences. From this perspective animals are best appreciated as actors rather than passive objects. A major adaptive function of their central nervous systems may be simple, but conscious and rational, thinking about alternative actions and choosing those the animal believes will get what it wants, or avoid what it dislikes or fears. Versatile adjustment of behavior in response to unpredictable challenges provides strongly suggestive evidence of simple but conscious thinking. And especially significant objective data about animal thoughts and feelings are already available, once communicative signals are recognized as evidence of the subjective experiences they often convey to others. The scientific investigation of human consciousness has undergone a renaissance in the 1990s, as exemplified by numerous symposia, books and two new journals. The neural correlates of cognition appear to be basically similar in all central nervous systems. Therefore other species equipped with very similar neurons, synapses, and glia may well be conscious. Simple perceptual and rational conscious thinking may be at least as important for small animals as for those with large enough brains to store extensive libraries of behavioral rules. Perhaps only in “megabrains” is most of the information processing unconscious. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3088 | ||
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| Author | Czeschlik, T. | ||||
| Title | Animal cognition – the phylogeny and ontogeny of cognitive abilities | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 1 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-2 |
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3100 | ||
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| Author | Westergaard, G.C.; Liv, C.; Chavanne, T.J.; Suomi, S.J. | ||||
| Title | Token-mediated tool-use by a tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 1 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 101-106 |
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| Abstract | This research examined token-mediated tool-use in a tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). We conducted five experiments. In experiment 1 we examined the use of plastic color-coded chips to request food, and in experiments 2-5 we examined the use of color-coded chips to request tools. Our subject learned to use chips to request tools following the same general pattern seen in great apes performing analogous tasks, that is, initial discrimination followed by an understanding of the relationship among tokens, tools, and their functions. Our findings are consistent with the view that parallel representational processes underlie the tool-related behavior of capuchins and great apes. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3152 | ||
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| Author | Astié, A.A.; Kacelnik, A.; Reboreda, J.C. | ||||
| Title | Sexual differences in memory in shiny cowbirds | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 1 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 77-82 |
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| Abstract | Avian brood parasites depend on other species, the hosts, to raise their offspring. During the breeding season, parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus sp.) search for potential host nests to which they return for laying a few days after first locating them. Parasitic cowbirds have a larger hippocampus/telencephalon volume than non-parasitic species; this volume is larger in the sex involved in nest searching (females) and it is also larger in the breeding than in the non-breeding season. In nature, female shiny cowbirds Molothrus bonariensis search for nests without the male's assistance. Here we test whether, in association with these neuroanatomical and behavioural differences, shiny cowbirds display sexual differences in a memory task in the laboratory. We used a task consisting of finding food whose location was indicated either by the appearance or the location of a covering disk. Females learnt to retrieve food faster than males when food was associated with appearance cues, but we found no sexual differences when food was associated with a specific location. Our results are consistent with the view that parasitism and its neuroanatomical correlates affect performance in memory tasks, but the effects we found were not in the expected direction, emphasising that the nature of avian hippocampal function and its sexual differences are not yet understood. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3158 | ||
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