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Author Virányi, Z.; Topál, J.; Gácsi, M.; Miklósi, Á.; Csányi, V.
Title Dogs respond appropriately to cues of humans' attentional focus Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal (down) Behav. Process.
Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages 161-172
Keywords Animals; *Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Communication; *Cues; Dogs; Humans; Recognition (Psychology)
Abstract Dogs' ability to recognise cues of human visual attention was studied in different experiments. Study 1 was designed to test the dogs' responsiveness to their owner's tape-recorded verbal commands (Down!) while the Instructor (who was the owner of the dog) was facing either the dog or a human partner or none of them, or was visually separated from the dog. Results show that dogs were more ready to follow the command if the Instructor attended them during instruction compared to situations when the Instructor faced the human partner or was out of sight of the dog. Importantly, however, dogs showed intermediate performance when the Instructor was orienting into 'empty space' during the re-played verbal commands. This suggests that dogs are able to differentiate the focus of human attention. In Study 2 the same dogs were offered the possibility to beg for food from two unfamiliar humans whose visual attention (i.e. facing the dog or turning away) was systematically varied. The dogs' preference for choosing the attentive person shows that dogs are capable of using visual cues of attention to evaluate the human actors' responsiveness to solicit food-sharing. The dogs' ability to understand the communicatory nature of the situations is discussed in terms of their social cognitive skills and unique evolutionary history.
Address Department of Ethology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary. zsofi.viranyi@freemail.hu
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ISSN 0376-6357 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:15110918 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4957
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Author Siniscalchi, M.; Sasso, R.; Pepe, A.M.; Vallortigara, G.; Quaranta, A.
Title Dogs turn left to emotional stimuli Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Behavioural Brain Research Abbreviated Journal (down) Behav. Brain. Res.
Volume 208 Issue 2 Pages 516-521
Keywords Dog; Laterality; Vision; Behaviour; Physiology; Cognition; Emotion; Animal welfare
Abstract During feeding behaviour, dogs were suddenly presented with 2D stimuli depicting the silhouette of a dog, a cat or a snake simultaneously into the left and right visual hemifields. A bias to turn the head towards the left rather than the right side was observed with the cat and snake stimulus but not with the dog stimulus. Latencies to react following stimulus presentation were lower for left than for right head turning, whereas times needed to resume feeding behaviour were higher after left rather than after right head turning. When stimuli were presented only to the left or right visual hemifields, dogs proved to be more responsive to left side presentation, irrespective of the type of stimulus. However, cat and snake stimuli produced shorter latencies to react and longer times to resume feeding following left rather than right monocular visual hemifield presentation. Results demonstrate striking lateralization in dogs, with the right side of the brain more responsive to threatening and alarming stimuli. Possible implications for animal welfare are discussed.
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ISSN 0166-4328 ISBN Medium
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5080
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Author Cattell, R.B.; Korth, B.
Title The isolation of temperament dimensions in dogs Type Journal Article
Year 1973 Publication Behavioral Biology Abbreviated Journal (down) Behav Biol
Volume 9 Issue 1 Pages 15-30
Keywords Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Biometry; Body Weight; *Dogs; Emotions; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Genetics, Behavioral; Heart Rate; Humans; Intelligence; Male; Models, Psychological; *Personality; Problem Solving; Social Behavior
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ISSN 0091-6773 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:4738708 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4140
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Author Cooper, J.J.; Ashton, C.; Bishop, S.; West, R.; Mills, D.S.; Young, R.J.
Title Clever hounds: social cognition in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal (down) Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 81 Issue 3 Pages 229-244
Keywords Domestic dog; Canine; Social cognition; Counting; Theory of mind; Perspective taking
Abstract This paper reviews the reasons why domestic dogs make good models to investigate cognitive processes related to social living and describes experimental approaches that can be adopted to investigate such processes in dogs. Domestic dogs are suitable models for investigating social cognition skills for three broad reasons. First, dogs originated from wolves, social animals that engage in a number of co-operative behaviours, such as hunting and that may have evolved cognitive abilities that help them predict and interpret the actions of other animals. Second, during domestication dogs are likely to have been selected for mental adaptations for their roles in human society such as herding or companionship. Third, domestic dogs live in a human world and “enculturation” may facilitate the development of relevant mental skills in dogs. Studies of social cognition in animals commonly use experimental paradigms originally developed for pre-verbal human infants. Preferential gaze, for example, can be used as a measure of attention or “surprise” in studies using expectancy violation. This approach has been used to demonstrate simple numerical competence in dogs. Dogs also readily use both conspecific and human social signals (e.g. looking or pointing) as information sources to locate hidden rewards such as food or favourite toys. Such abilities make dogs particularly good models for investigating perspective-taking tasks, where animals are required to discriminate between apparently knowledgeable and apparently ignorant informants.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 395
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Author McKinley, S.; Young, R.J.
Title The efficacy of the model-rival method when compared with operant conditioning for training domestic dogs to perform a retrieval-selection task Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal (down) Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 81 Issue 4 Pages 357-365
Keywords Dogs; Learning; Operant conditioning; Model-rival; Cognition
Abstract Traditionally, dogs have been trained by operant conditioning techniques; that is, dogs make a desired behavioural response and this response is reinforced by a reward such as food. This type of training is very effective in training dogs to perform basic obedience behaviours (e.g. `stay'). However, dogs are social animals and should be predisposed to learn from social stimuli. In the present study, we used a modified version of the model-rival technique that has been extensively used in experiments investigating the cognitive ability of parrots. In this technique, social stimuli are used to create in the animal an interest in the object without the use of food or other rewards. Therefore, the animal learns the name of the object (intrinsic reward) and not that the object's name means food. In this experiment we compared the learning ability of nine pet dogs to solve the same retrieval-selection task having been previously trained using operant conditioning or model-rival techniques. The retrieval-selection task was the dogs had to correctly select the commanded object to bring to the experimenter from a group of three similar objects. The results show no difference in the speeds with which the dogs solved the test--demonstrating the efficacy of the model-rival method. This is the first time that the effectiveness of the model-rival technique has been experimentally demonstrated with dogs. Furthermore, we believe that the methodology reported in this paper has applications in dog training and in experiments into dog cognition.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2900
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Author Feuerstein, N.; Terkel, J.
Title Interrelationships of dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus L.) living under the same roof Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal (down) Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 113 Issue 1-3 Pages 150-165
Keywords Cats; Dogs; Shared home; Interrelationship; Aggression; Amicability; Indifference; Adaptation
Abstract In the process of domestication, dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) have undergone thousands of years of genetic changes that have adapted them to the human environment. Both species have acquired a global distribution and it has become quite common to find homes with the two living side by side. Nevertheless, there is widespread belief that interspecific communication between dogs and cats is problematic, stemming from their separate evolutionary development and different social structures. Consequently, many people considering possible adoption of both species are concerned about their ability to get along. Interrelationships of dogs and cats living together were studied here in an attempt to determine the main factors influencing the type of relationship likely to develop between the two species. Two approaches were used: (1) a questionnaire completed by owners of both dog(s) and cat(s), which provided a broad database of the animals' behaviors; and (2) observations carried out in participants' homes on their dog-cat interactions. Two separate ethograms for dogs and cats served for analyses of their body language. The findings revealed the following: Both species showed a similar ability to establish a relatively amicable relationship with the other species; the animals' gender had little influence on the nature of their interrelationship; and adoption of the cat prior to the dog appears to conduce to establishing an amicable relationship, as does their first encounter taking place at an early age (up to 6 months of age in cats and up to 1 year in dogs). The findings also suggest that the majority of these dogs and cats understood the particular body language displayed by one animal that has an opposite meaning for the other species; and that the earlier the age of first encounter between the two, the better this understanding. It can be concluded that exposure of both species at an early age to the presence of the other facilitates the learning of each other's body language, and the consequent establishment of an amicable relationship. A better understanding of the various factors that contribute to determining the two species' relationship should not only improve the quality of life of these pets, but also reassure and encourage more people to adopt both cat and dog.
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ISSN 0168-1591 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4757
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Author Bräuer, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M.
Title Visual perspective taking in dogs (Canis familiaris) in the presence of barriers Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal (down) Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 88 Issue 3-4 Pages 299-317
Keywords Dogs; Visual perspective taking; Metacognition
Abstract Previous studies have shown that dogs have developed a special sensitivity to the communicative signals and attentional states of humans. The aim of the current study was to further investigate what dogs know about the visual perception of humans and themselves. In the first two experiments we investigated whether dogs were sensitive to the properties of barriers as blocking the visual access of humans. We presented dogs with a situation in which a human forbade them to take a piece of food, but the type and orientation of the barrier allowed the dog to take the food undetected in some conditions. Dogs differentiated between effective and ineffective barriers, based on their orientation or the particular features of the barriers such as size or the presence of window. In the third study we investigated whether dogs know about what they themselves have seen. We presented subjects with two boxes and placed food in one of them. In the Seen condition the location of the food was shown to the dogs while in the Unseen condition dogs were prevented from seeing the destination of the food. Before selecting one of the boxes by pressing a lever, dogs had the opportunity to seek extra information regarding the contents of the boxes, which would be particularly useful in the condition in which they had not seen where the food was hidden. Dogs rarely used the opportunity to seek information about the contents of the box before making their choice in any condition. Therefore, we found no evidence suggesting that dogs have access to what they themselves have seen, which contrasts with the positive evidence about visual perspective taking in others from the first two experiments and previous studies.
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ISSN 0168-1591 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4986
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Author Slabbert, J.M.; Rasa, O.A.E.
Title Observational learning of an acquired maternal behaviour pattern by working dog pups: an alternative training method? Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal (down) Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 53 Issue 4 Pages 309-316
Keywords Dog; Learning; Parental behaviour; Narcotics
Abstract German shepherd pups from untrained bitches and bitches trained in the location of narcotics were either separated from their mothers at 6 weeks (standard raised) or at 3 months of age (extended maternal care). Pups with extended maternal care which were allowed to observe their trained mothers locating and retrieving a sachet of odour-producing narcotic between the ages of 6 and 12 weeks performed the same task significantly better than non-exposed pups when tested at the age of 6 months, without further reinforcement during the interim period. This difference in performance was independent of the duration of maternal care or maternal origin of the pups and was attributed to differences in early experience acquired through observational learning.
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ISSN 0168-1591 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5225
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Author Pongrácz, P.; Miklósi, Á.; Vida, V.; Csányi, V.
Title The pet dogs ability for learning from a human demonstrator in a detour task is independent from the breed and age Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal (down) Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 309-323
Keywords Dog; Breed differences; Social learning
Abstract There are many indications and much practical knowledge about the different tasks which various breeds of dogs are selected for. Correspondingly these different breeds are known to possess different physical and mental abilities. We hypothesized that commonly kept breeds will show differences in their problem solving ability in a detour task around a V-shaped fence, and also, that breed differences will affect their learning ability from a human demonstrator, who demonstrates a detour around the fence. Subjects were recruited in Hungarian pet dog schools. We compared the results of the 10 most common breeds in our sample when they were tested in the detour task without human demonstration. There was no significant difference between the latencies of detour, however, there was a trend that German Shepherd dogs were the quickest and Giant Schnauzers were the slowest in this test. For testing the social learning ability of dogs we formed three breed groups (“utility”, “shepherd” and “hunting”). There were no significant differences between these, all the breed groups learned equally well from the human demonstrator. However, we found that dogs belonging to the “shepherd” group looked back more frequently to their owner than the dogs in the “hunting” group. Further, we have found that the age of pet dogs did not affect their social learning ability in the detour task. Our results showed that the pet status of a dog has probably a stronger effect on its cognitive performance and human related behaviour than its age or breed. These results emphasize that socialization and common activities with the dog might overcome the possible breed differences, if we give the dogs common problem solving, or social learning tasks.
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ISSN 0168-1591 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6584
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Author Shalaby, A.M.
Title Host-preference observations on Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) in Gujarat State, India Type Journal Article
Year 1969 Publication Annals of the Entomological Society of America Abbreviated Journal (down) Ann Entomol Soc Am
Volume 62 Issue 6 Pages 1270-1273
Keywords Animals; *Anopheles; Cattle; *Ddt; Dogs; Ecology; Female; Goats; Horses; Humans; India; *Insect Vectors; *Insecticide Resistance; Precipitin Tests; Sheep
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ISSN 0013-8746 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:5374165 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2739
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