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| Author | Crystal, J.D. | ||||
| Title | Systematic nonlinearities in the perception of temporal intervals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal  |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 25 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-17 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Attention; Awareness; Discrimination Learning; Male; Neural Networks (Computer); *Nonlinear Dynamics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Thresholds; *Time Perception | ||||
| Abstract | Rats judged time intervals in a choice procedure in which accuracy was maintained at approximately 75% correct. Sensitivity to time (d') was approximately constant for short durations 2.0-32.0 s with 1.0- or 2.0-s spacing between intervals (n = 5 in each group, Experiment 1), 2.0-50.0 s with 2.0-s spacing (n = 2, Experiment 1), and 0.1-2.0 s with 0.1- or 0.2-s spacing (n = 6 in each group, Experiment 2). However, systematic departures from average sensitivity were observed, with local maxima in sensitivity at approximately 0.3, 1.2, 10.0, 24.0, and 36.0 s. Such systematic departures from an approximately constant d' are predicted by a connectionist theory of time with multiple oscillators and may require a modification of the linear timing hypothesis of scalar timing theory. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Brown University, USA. jdcrys@facstaff.wm.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:9987854 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2776 | ||
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| Author | Brodbeck, D.R. | ||||
| Title | Picture fragment completion: priming in the pigeon | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 23 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 461-468 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Attention; *Awareness; Columbidae; *Mental Recall; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Perceptual Masking; Problem Solving | ||||
| Abstract | It has been suggested that the system behind implicit memory in humans is evolutionarily old and that animals should readily show priming. In Experiment 1, a picture fragment completion test was used to test priming in pigeons. After pecking a warning stimulus, pigeons were shown 2 partially obscured pictures from different categories and were always reinforced for choosing a picture from one of the categories. On control trials, the warning stimulus was a picture of some object (not from the S+ or S- category), on study trials the warning stimulus was a picture to be categorized on the next trial, and on test trials the warning stimulus was a randomly chosen picture and the S+ picture was the warning stimulus seen on the previous trial. Categorization was better on study and test trials than on control trials. Experiment 2 ruled out the possibility that the priming effect was caused by the pigeons' responding to familiarity by using warning stimuli from both S+ and S- categories. Experiment 3 investigated the time course of the priming effect. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. brodbeck@thunderbird.auc.laurentian.ca | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:9411019 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2777 | ||
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| Author | Dunbar, K.; MacLeod, C.M. | ||||
| Title | A horse race of a different color: Stroop interference patterns with transformed words | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1984 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance | Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 622-639 |
| Keywords | *Attention; *Color Perception; Discrimination Learning; Humans; Orientation; Reaction Time; Reading; *Semantics | ||||
| Abstract | Four experiments investigated Stroop interference using geometrically transformed words. Over experiments, reading was made increasingly difficult by manipulating orientation uncertainty and the number of noncolor words. As a consequence, time to read color words aloud increased dramatically. Yet, even when reading a color word was considerably slower than naming the color of ink in which the word was printed, Stroop interference persisted virtually unaltered. This result is incompatible with the simple horse race model widely used to explain color-word interference. When reading became extremely slow, a reversed Stroop effect--interference in reading the word due to an incongruent ink color--appeared for one transformation together with the standard Stroop interference. Whether or not the concept of automaticity is invoked, relative speed of processing the word versus the color does not provide an adequate overall explanation of the Stroop phenomenon. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0096-1523 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:6238123 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4065 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | A cognitive behaviorist approach to the study of animal behavior | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | The Journal of general psychology | Abbreviated Journal |
J Gen Psychol |
| Volume | 129 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 328-363 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Attention; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Learning; *Memory; Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Traditional psychological approaches to animal learning and behavior have involved either the atheoretical behaviorist approach proposed by B. F. Skinner (1938), in which input-output relations are described in response to environmental manipulations, or the theoretical behaviorist approach offered by C. L Hull (1943), in which associations mediated by several hypothetical constructs and intervening variables are formed between stimuli and responses. Recently, the application of a cognitive behaviorist approach to animal learning and behavior has been found to have considerable value as a research tool. This perspective has grown out of E. C. Tolman's cognitive approach to learning in which behavior is mediated by mechanisms that are not directly observable but can be inferred from the results of critical experiments. In the present article, the author presents several examples of the successful application of the cognitive behaviorist approach. In each case, the experiments have been designed to distinguish between more traditional mechanisms and those mediated by hypothesized internal representations. These examples were selected because the evidence suggests that some form of active cognitive organization is needed to account for the behavioral results. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. Zentall@uky.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0022-1309 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12494989 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 214 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R.; Riley, D.A. | ||||
| Title | Selective attention in animal discrimination learning | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | The Journal of general psychology | Abbreviated Journal |
J Gen Psychol |
| Volume | 127 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 45-66 |
| Keywords | Animals; Attention/*physiology; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology; Cues; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Generalization, Response; Rats | ||||
| Abstract | The traditional approach to the study of selective attention in animal discrimination learning has been to ask if animals are capable of the central selective processing of stimuli, such that certain aspects of the discriminative stimuli are partially or wholly ignored while their relationships to each other, or other relevant stimuli, are processed. A notable characteristic of this research has been that procedures involve the acquisition of discriminations, and the issue of concern is whether learning is selectively determined by the stimulus dimension defined by the discriminative stimuli. Although there is support for this kind of selective attention, in many cases, simpler nonattentional accounts are sufficient to explain the results. An alternative approach involves procedures more similar to those used in human information-processing research. When selective attention is studied in humans, it generally involves the steady state performance of tasks for which there is limited time allowed for stimulus input and a relatively large amount of relevant information to be processed; thus, attention must be selective or divided. When this approach is applied to animals and alternative accounts have been ruled out, stronger evidence for selective or divided attention in animals has been found. Similar processes are thought to be involved when animals search more natural environments for targets. Finally, an attempt is made to distinguish these top-down attentional processes from more automatic preattentional processes that have been studied in humans and other animals. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. Zentall@pop.uky.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0022-1309 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:10695951 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 250 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R.; Barack, R.C. | ||||
| Title | Distraction as a function of within-task stimulation for hyperactive and normal children | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1978 | Publication | Journal of learning disabilities | Abbreviated Journal |
J Learn Disabil |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 540-548 |
| Keywords | *Attention; Child; Child, Preschool; Color Perception; Female; Humans; Hyperkinesis/*psychology; Male; Motor Skills; *Task Performance and Analysis; Visual Perception | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0022-2194 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:731119 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 270 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Hyperactivity ratings: statistical regression provides an insufficient explanation of practice effects | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1986 | Publication | Journal of pediatric psychology | Abbreviated Journal |
J Pediatr Psychol |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 393-396 |
| Keywords | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*diagnosis; Child; Humans; Male; *Practice (Psychology); *Statistics | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0146-8693 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:3772683 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 261 | ||
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| Author | Baragli, P.; Mariti, C.; Petri, L.; De Giorgio, F.; Sighieri, C. | ||||
| Title | Does attention make the difference? Horses' response to human stimulus after 2 different training strategies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research | Abbreviated Journal |
J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res |
| Volume | 6 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 31-38 |
| Keywords | attention; exploration; horse; human stimulus; training | ||||
| Abstract | We hypothesized that in an open environment, horses cope with a series of challenges in their interactions with human beings. If the horse is not physically constrained and is free to move in a small enclosure, it has additional options regarding its behavioral response to the trainer. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of 2 different training strategies on the horse’s behavioral response to human stimuli. In all, 12 female ponies were randomly divided into the following 2 groups: group A, wherein horses were trained in a small enclosure (where indicators of the level of attention and behavioral response were used to modulate the training pace and the horse’s control over its response to the stimuli provided by the trainer) and group B, wherein horses were trained in a closed environment (in which the trainer’s actions left no room for any behavioral response except for the one that was requested). Horses’ behavior toward the human subject and their heart rate during 2 standardized behavioral tests were used to compare the responses of the 2 groups. Results indicated that the horses in group A appeared to associate human actions with a positive experience, as highlighted by the greater degree of explorative behavior toward human beings shown by these horses during the tests. The experience of the horses during training may have resulted in different evaluations of the person, as a consequence of the human’s actions during training; therefore, it seems that horses evaluate human beings on daily relationship experiences. |
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| Address | attention; exploration; horse; human stimulus; training | ||||
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| ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5286 | ||
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| Author | Hostetter, A.B.; Cantero, M.; Hopkins, W.D. | ||||
| Title | Differential use of vocal and gestural communication by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in response to the attentional status of a human (Homo sapiens) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology | Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume | 115 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 337-343 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Attention; *Communication Methods, Total; Female; *Gestures; Humans; Male; Motivation; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Social Environment; Species Specificity; *Vocalization, Animal | ||||
| Abstract | This study examined the communicative behavior of 49 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), particularly their use of vocalizations, manual gestures, and other auditory- or tactile-based behaviors as a means of gaining an inattentive audience's attention. A human (Homo sapiens) experimenter held a banana while oriented either toward or away from the chimpanzee. The chimpanzees' behavior was recorded for 60 s. Chimpanzees emitted vocalizations faster and were more likely to produce vocalizations as their 1st communicative behavior when a human was oriented away from them. Chimpanzees used manual gestures more frequently and faster when the human was oriented toward them. These results replicate the findings of earlier studies on chimpanzee gestural communication and provide new information about the intentional and functional use of their vocalizations. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Berry College, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:11824896 | Approved | yes | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4970 | ||
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| Author | Itakura, S. | ||||
| Title | Gaze Following and Joint Visual Attention in Nonhuman Animals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Japanese Psychological Research | Abbreviated Journal |
Jpn. Psychol. Res. |
| Volume | 3 | Issue | Pages | 216-226 | |
| Keywords | gaze-following; joint visual attention; theory of mind; nonhuman animal | ||||
| Abstract | n this paper, studies of gaze-following and joint visual attention in nonhuman animals are reviewed from the theoretical perspective of Emery (2000). There are many studies of gaze-following and joint visual attention in nonhuman primates. The reports concern not only adult individuals but also the development of these abilities. Studies to date suggest that monkeys and apes are able to follow the gaze of others, but only apes can understand the seeing-knowing relationship with regards to conspecifics in competitive situations. Also, there have recently been some reports of ability to follow the gaze of humans in domestic animals, such as dogs or horses, interacting with humans. These domestic animals are considered to have acquired this ability during their long history of selective breeding by humans. However, we need to clarify social gaze parameters in various species to improve our knowledge of the evolution of how we process others gazing, attention, and mental states. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 545 | ||
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