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de Waal, F. B., & Luttrell, L. M. (1986). The similarity principle underlying social bonding among female rhesus monkeys. Folia Primatol (Basel), 46(4), 215–234.
Abstract: Twenty adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were observed over a three-year period. They lived in a mixed captive group with kinship relations known for three generations. The study's aim was to test Seyfarth's [J. theor. Biol. 65: 671-698, 1977] model of rank-related grooming and to investigate two other possible determinants of social bonding, i.e. relative age and the group's stratification into two social classes. Data on affiliation, coalitions, and social competition were collected by means of both focal observation and instantaneous time sampling. Whereas certain elements of the existing model were confirmed, its explanatory principles were not. Social competition did not result in more contact among close-ranking females (the opposite effect was found), and the relation between affiliative behavior and coalitions was more complex than predicted. Based on multivariate analyses and a comparison of theoretical models, we propose a simpler, more encompassing principle underlying interfemale attraction. According to this 'similarity principle', rhesus females establish bonds with females whom they most resemble. The similarity may concern genetical and social background, age, hierarchical position and social class. Effects of these four factors were independently demonstrated. The most successful model assumed that similarity factors influence female bonding in a cumulative fashion.
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Skalka P,. (1986). Breeding the Hartmann's mountain zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae Matschie, 1898, in the world and in Czechoslovakia. Gazella, 13, 127–138.
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Eisenmann V,. (1986). Comparative osteology of modern and fossil horses, half-asses and asses. (pp. 67–116).
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Eisenmann V, U. H. - P. (1986). Identification and discrimination of Equus metapodials. (pp. 118–163).
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Groves Cp,. (1986). The taxonomy, distribution and adaptations of recent equids. In: Equids in the ancient world 11-51, .
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Crans, W. J., McNelly, J., Schulze, T. L., & Main, A. (1986). Isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from Aedes sollicitans during an epizootic in southern New Jersey. J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 2(1), 68–72.
Abstract: Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE) was isolated from the salt marsh mosquito, Aedes sollicitans, collected from coastal areas of New Jersey on 3 occasions during the late summer and fall of 1982. The isolations were made at a time when local Culiseta melanura were either undergoing a population increase or exhibiting high levels of EEE virus. Although no human cases were reported during the epizootic period, the data lend support to the hypothesis that Ae. sollicitans is capable of functioning as an epidemic vector in the coastal areas of New Jersey where human cases of EEE have been most common.
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Smith Ma,. (1986). Impacts if feral horses grazing on Rangelands: An overview. J Equine Vet, 6, 236–237.
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Godfrey Eb, L. P. (1986). Wild horsres mangement: An economic perspective. J Equine Vet Sc, 6, 266–273.
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Kirkpatrick Jf,. (1986). Feral horses: The basic problems. J Equine Vet Sc, 6, 222.
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Mclain Jl,. (1986). The wild horse controversy. J Equine Vet Sc, 6, 274–275.
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