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Axelrod, R.; Hamilton, W.D. |
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Title |
The evolution of cooperation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
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Science |
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Science |
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211 |
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4489 |
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1390-1396 |
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Cooperation in organisms, whether bacteria or primates, has been a difficulty for evolutionary theory since Darwin. On the assumption that interactions between pairs of individuals occur on a probabilistic basis, a model is developed based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Deductions from the model, and the results of a computer tournament show how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established. Potential applications include specific aspects of territoriality, mating, and disease. |
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10.1126/science.7466396 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4933 |
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Author |
SchäFer M, |
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Title |
Beobachtungen zum interspezifischen Aggressionsverhalten eines Halbeselhybrid |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
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Säugetierk Mitt |
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29 |
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49-58 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1560 |
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Author |
R. A. J. Taylor |
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Title |
The Behavioural Basis of Redistribution I. The Delta -Model Concept |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
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The Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
T. J. Anim. Ecol. |
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50 |
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2 |
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573-586 |
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(1) A conceptual model is developed in which spatial behaviour is density-dependent. The behaviour is classified as congregatory or migratory according to whether it results in movement towards or away from population concentrations. (2) Spatial behaviour is shown to result from both individual and population interactions. (3) The stability properties of the model are explored and it is shown how, under particular conditions, populations obeying the model have a population density regulating mechanism. (4) The similarity between the model and the potential energy curve of physics is noted, but it is emphasized that this is a behavioural not a physical model. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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720 |
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Author |
Beaver, B.V. |
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Title |
Problems & values associated with dominance |
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Journal Article |
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1981 |
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Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC |
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Vet Med Small Anim Clin |
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76 |
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8 |
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1129-1131 |
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Animals; *Animals, Domestic; *Behavior, Animal; Cats; Cattle; Dogs; Horses; *Social Dominance; Swine |
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English |
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0042-4889 |
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PMID:6914851 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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678 |
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Author |
Beaver Bv, |
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Title |
Maternal behavior in mares |
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Journal Article |
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1981 |
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Vet Med Small Anim Clin |
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76 |
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315-317 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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924 |
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Author |
Berger J, |
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Title |
The role of risks in mammalian combat: Zebra and onager fights |
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Year |
1981 |
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Z Tierpsychol 56 |
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297-304 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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936 |
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Author |
Miller, R. |
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Title |
Male aggression, dominance and breeding behaviour in Red Desert feral horses |
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Year |
1981 |
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Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie |
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Z. Tierpsychol. |
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57 |
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340-201 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2374 |
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