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	Author	Silk, J.; Cheney, D.; Seyfarth, R.
	Title	A practical guide to the study of social relationships			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Evol. Anthropol.
	Volume	22	Issue	5	Pages	213-225
	Keywords	observational methods; behavioral analysis; methods; dyadic relationships; social bonds
	Abstract	Behavioral ecologists have devoted considerable effort to identifying the sources of variation in individual reproductive success. Much of this work has focused on the characteristics of individuals, such as their sex and rank. However, many animals live in stable social groups and the fitness of individuals depends at least in part on the outcome of their interactions with other group members. For example, in many primate species, high dominance rank enhances access to resources and reproductive success. The ability to acquire and maintain high rank often depends on the availability and effectiveness of coalitionary support. Allies may be cultivated and coalitions may be reinforced by affiliative interactions such as grooming, food sharing, and tolerance. These findings suggest that if we want to understand the selective pressures that shape the social behavior of primates, it will be profitable to broaden our focus from the characteristics of individuals to the properties of the relationships that they form with others. The goal of this paper is to discuss a set of methods that can be used to quantify the properties of social relationships.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1520-6505	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5748
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	Author	Dunbar, Robin I. M.
	Title	The social brain hypothesis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Evol. Anthropol.
	Volume	6	Issue	5	Pages	178-190
	Keywords	brain size – neocortex – social brain hypothesis – social skills – mind reading – primates
	Abstract	Conventional wisdom over the past 160 years in the cognitive and neurosciences has assumed that brains evolved to process factual information about the world. Most attention has therefore been focused on such features as pattern recognition, color vision, and speech perception. By extension, it was assumed that brains evolved to deal with essentially ecological problem-solving tasks. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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	Notes	Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioural Ecology at the University of Liverpool, England. His research primarily focuses on the behavioral ecology of ungulates and human and nonhuman primates, and on the cognitive mechanisms and brain components that underpin the decisions that animals make. He runs a large research group, with graduate students working on many different species on four continents.			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4371
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	Author	Potts, R.
	Title	Variability selection in hominid evolution			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Evol. Anthropol.
	Volume	7	Issue	3	Pages	81-96
	Keywords	variability selection; hominids; environment; adaptation; natural selection; evolution
	Abstract	Variability selection (abbreviated as VS) is a process considered to link adaptive change to large degrees of environment variability. Its application to hominid evolution is based, in part, on the pronounced rise in environmental remodeling that took place over the past several million years. The VS hypothesis differs from prior views of hominid evolution, which stress the consistent selective effects associated with specific habitats or directional trends (e.g., woodland, savanna expansion, cooling). According to the VS hypothesis, wide fluctuations over time created a growing disparity in adaptive conditions. Inconsistency in selection eventually caused habitat-specific adaptations to be replaced by structures and behaviors responsive to complex environmental change. Key hominid adaptations, in fact, emerged during times of heightened variability. Early bipedality, encephalized brains, and complex human sociality appear to signify a sequence of VS adaptations—i.e., a ratcheting up of versatility and responsiveness to novel environments experienced over the past 6 million years. The adaptive results of VS cannot be extrapolated from selection within a single environmental shift or relatively stable habitat. If some complex traits indeed require disparities in adaptive setting (and relative fitness) in order to evolve, the VS idea counters the prevailing view that adaptive change necessitates long-term, directional consistency in selection. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1520-6505	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5461
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	Author	Rubenstein, D. I.; Hack, M. A.
	Title	Horse signals: The sounds and scents of fury			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Evolutionary Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Evol. Ecol.
	Volume	6	Issue	3	Pages	254-260
	Keywords	ommunication – combat – fighting ability – individual identity – signals – information – assessment – displays
	Abstract	During contests animals typically exchange information about fighting ability. Among feral horses these signals involve olfactory or acoustical elements and each type can effectively terminate contests before physical contact becomes necessary. Dung transplant experiments show that for stallions, irrespective of rank, olfactory signals such as dung sniffing encode information about familiarity suggesting that such signals can be used as signatures. As such they can provide indirect information about fighting ability as long as opponents associate identity with past performance. Play-back experiments, however, show that vocalizations, such as squeals, directly provide information about status regardless of stallion familiarity. Sonographs reveal that squeals of dominants are longer than those of subordinates and that only those of dominants have at their onset high-frequency components.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	506
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	Author	Houston, A.I.; McNamara, J.M.
	Title	Fighting for food: a dynamic version of the Hawk-Dove game			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Evolutionary Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Evol. Ecol.
	Volume	2	Issue	1	Pages	51-64
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	750
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.; Alfieri, M.
	Title	Tit-For-Tat in guppies (Poecilia reticulata): the relative nature of cooperation and defection during predator inspection			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Evolutionary Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Evol. Ecol.
	Volume	5	Issue	3	Pages	300-309
	Keywords	Game theory – Tit-For-Tat – predator inspection – guppy
	Abstract	Summary The introduction of game-theoretical thinking into evolutionary biology has laid the groundwork for a heuristic view of animal behaviour in which individuals employ “strategies” – rules that instruct them how to behave in a given circumstance to maximize relative fitness. Axelrod and Hamilton (1981) found that a strategy called Tit-For-Tat (TFT) is one robust cooperative solution to the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game. There exists, however, little empirical evidence that animals employ TFT. Predator inspection in fish provides one ecological context in which to examine the use of the TFT strategy.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2177
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	Author	Lusseau, D.
	Title	Evidence for social role in a dolphin social network			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Evolutionary Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Evol. Ecol.
	Volume	21	Issue	3	Pages	357-366
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract Social animals have to take into consideration the behaviour of conspecifics when making decisions to go by their daily lives. These decisions affect their fitness and there is therefore an evolutionary pressure to try making the right choices. In many instances individuals will make their own choices and the behaviour of the group will be a democratic integration of everyone’s decision. However, in some instances it can be advantageous to follow the choice of a few individuals in the group if they have more information regarding the situation that has arisen. Here I provide early evidence that decisions about shifts in activity states in a population of bottlenose dolphin follow such a decision-making process. This unshared consensus is mediated by a non-vocal signal, which can be communicated globally within the dolphin school. These signals are emitted by individuals that tend to have more information about the behaviour of potential competitors because of their position in the social network. I hypothesise that this decision-making process emerged from the social structure of the population and the need to maintain mixed-sex schools.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5154
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	Author	Berger, J.; Cunningham, C.
	Title	Influence of Familiarity on Frequency of Inbreeding in Wild Horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Evolution
	Volume	41	Issue		Pages	229-231
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2232
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	Author	Chance, M.R.A.; Mead, A.P
	Title	Social behaviour and primate evolution. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology,			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1953	Publication	Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Evolution
	Volume	7	Issue		Pages	395-439
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4786
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	Author	Ricard, A.; Chanu, I.
	Title	Genetic parameters of eventing horse competition in France			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Genetics, Selection, Evolution. : GSE	Abbreviated Journal	Genet Sel Evol
	Volume	33	Issue	2	Pages	175-190
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; France; Genotype; Horses/genetics; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Selection (Genetics); Sports; Stereotyped Behavior
	Abstract	Genetic parameters of eventing horse competitions were estimated. About 13 000 horses, 30 000 annual results during 17 years and 110 000 starts in eventing competitions during 8 years were recorded. The measures of performance were logarithmic transformations of annual earnings, annual earnings per start, and annual earnings per place, and underlying variables responsible for ranks in each competition. Heritabilities were low (0.11 / 0.17 for annual results, 0.07 for ranks). Genetic correlations between criteria were high (greater than 0.90) except between ranks and earnings per place (0.58) or per start (0.67). Genetic correlations between ages (from 5 to 10 years old) were also high (more than 0.85) and allow selection on early performances. The genetic correlation between the results in different levels of competition (high/international and low/amateur) was near 1. Genetic correlations of eventing with other disciplines, which included partial aptitude needed for eventing, were very low for steeplechase races (0.18) and moderate with sport: jumping (0.45), dressage (0.58). The results suggest that selection on jumping performance will lead to some positive correlated response for eventing performance, but much more response could be obtained if a specific breeding objective and selection criteria were developed for eventing.
	Address	Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Station de genetique quantitative et appliquee, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France. ugenata@dga.inra.fr
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0999-193X	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:11333833			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3728
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