Records |
Author |
Morton, D.B. |
Title |
Self-consciousness and animal suffering |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Biologist (London, England) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biologist (London) |
Volume |
47 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
77-80 |
Keywords |
Animal Population Groups/*psychology; Animal Welfare/*standards; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Consciousness; Dogs; *Ego; Horses/psychology; Pain/psychology/*veterinary; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Parrots; Pongo pygmaeus/psychology; Self Concept |
Abstract |
Animals with relatively highly developed brains are likely to experience some degree of self-awareness and the ability to think. As well as being interesting in its own right, self-consciousness matters from an ethical point of view, since it can give rise to forms of suffering above and beyond the immediate physical sensations of pain or distress. This article surveys the evidence for animal self-consciousness and its implications for animal welfare. |
Address |
Division of Primary Care, Public and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. d.b.morton@bham.ac.uk |
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0006-3347 |
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PMID:11190233 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
618 |
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Author |
Saigo, S. |
Title |
Kinetic and equilibrium studies of alkaline isomerization of vertebrate cytochromes c |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biochim Biophys Acta |
Volume |
669 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
13-20 |
Keywords |
Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cytochrome c Group/*metabolism; Dogs; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isomerism; Kinetics; Vertebrates/metabolism |
Abstract |
Equilibria and kinetics of alkaline isomerization of seven ferricytochromes c from vertebrates were studied by pH-titration and pH-jump methods in the pH region of 7-12. In the equilibrium behavior, no significant difference was detected among the cytochromes c, whereas marked differences in the kinetic behavior were observed. According to the kinetic behavior of the isomerization, the cytochromes c examined fall into three classes: Group I (horse, sheep, dog and pigeon cytochromes c), Group II (tuna and bonito cytochromes c) and Group III (rhesus monkey cytochrome c). The kinetic results are interpreted in terms of the sequential scheme: Neutral form in equilibrium with fast Transient form in equilibrium with slow Alkaline form where the neutral and alkaline forms are the species stable at neutral and alkaline pH, respectively, and the transient form is a kinetic intermediate. From comparison of the primary sequences of the seven cytochromes c and the classification of these cytochromes c, it is concluded that the amino acid substitution Phe/Tyr at the 46-th position has a major influence on the kinetic behavior. In Group II and III cytochromes c, the ionization of Tyr-46 is suggested to bring about loosening of the heme crevice and thus facilitate the ligand replacement involved in the isomerization. |
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0006-3002 |
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PMID:6271238 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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3871 |
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Author |
Meyer, W.; Pakur, M. |
Title |
[Remarks on the domestic dog as an object of instruction for the education of the developing child] |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift |
Abbreviated Journal |
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr |
Volume |
112 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
131-138 |
Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Domestic; *Bonding, Human-Pet; Character; Child; *Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cognition; *Dogs; Emotions; Empathy; Humans |
Abstract |
Based on an intensive analysis of literature, the study summarizes problems involved in the significance of domesticated dogs as objects of instruction and assistants of the education of children. Several important topics are discussed in view of advances for children in families keeping dogs. Such topics are mainly related to a general socio-emotional level, the support of cognitive development and character formation. Further aspects are the acquisition of a sense of responsibility, and the development of self-confidence, a sense of social membership and security, as well as important attributes of character such as frankness, broad mindedness, and sympathetic understanding. Moreover, knowledge about the life cycle and functions of body organs can be conveyed, and the dog could, at least in part, substitute for brothers and sisters. Basically, positive attitudes towards animals in general, as well as nature and environment are supported. All topics are critically commented and considered to be realistic or not. The supporting role of parents, in particular, is emphasized. Parental commitment should include deep concern with the typical attributes of the dog breed desired, and optimal dog keeping conditions to prevent harm to the children. The final commentary lays special emphasis on negative features of domestication for a pet owner, and cautions against non-biological and illusionary ideas about domesticated animals. |
Address |
Anatomisches Institut der Tierakztlichen Hochschule Hannover |
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German |
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Original Title |
Bemerkungen zum Haushund als Lehrobjekt und Erziehungshilfe fur das sich entwickelnde Kind |
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0005-9366 |
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PMID:10337055 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4155 |
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Author |
Daniels, T.J.; Bekoff, M. |
Title |
Feralization: The making of wild domestic animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
Volume |
19 |
Issue |
1-3 |
Pages |
79-94 |
Keywords |
feralization; domestication; feral dogs |
Abstract |
The widely accepted viewpoint that feralization is the reverse of domestication requires that the feralization process be restricted to populations of animals and, therefore, cannot occur in individuals. An alternative, ontogenetic approach is presented in which feralization is defined as the process by which individual domestic animals either become desocialized from humans, or never become socialized, and thus behave as untamed, non-domestic animals. Feralization will vary among species and, intraspecifically, will depend upon an individual's age and history of socialization to humans. Because feralization is not equated with morphological change resulting from evolutionary processes, species formation is not an accurate indicator of feral condition. |
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Cited By (since 1996): 5; Export Date: 24 October 2008 |
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no |
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Admin @ knut @ |
Serial |
4580 |
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Author |
Virányi, Z.; Topál, J.; Gácsi, M.; Miklósi, Á.; Csányi, V. |
Title |
Dogs respond appropriately to cues of humans' attentional focus |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
Volume |
66 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
161-172 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Communication; *Cues; Dogs; Humans; Recognition (Psychology) |
Abstract |
Dogs' ability to recognise cues of human visual attention was studied in different experiments. Study 1 was designed to test the dogs' responsiveness to their owner's tape-recorded verbal commands (Down!) while the Instructor (who was the owner of the dog) was facing either the dog or a human partner or none of them, or was visually separated from the dog. Results show that dogs were more ready to follow the command if the Instructor attended them during instruction compared to situations when the Instructor faced the human partner or was out of sight of the dog. Importantly, however, dogs showed intermediate performance when the Instructor was orienting into 'empty space' during the re-played verbal commands. This suggests that dogs are able to differentiate the focus of human attention. In Study 2 the same dogs were offered the possibility to beg for food from two unfamiliar humans whose visual attention (i.e. facing the dog or turning away) was systematically varied. The dogs' preference for choosing the attentive person shows that dogs are capable of using visual cues of attention to evaluate the human actors' responsiveness to solicit food-sharing. The dogs' ability to understand the communicatory nature of the situations is discussed in terms of their social cognitive skills and unique evolutionary history. |
Address |
Department of Ethology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary. zsofi.viranyi@freemail.hu |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:15110918 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4957 |
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Author |
Cattell, R.B.; Korth, B. |
Title |
The isolation of temperament dimensions in dogs |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1973 |
Publication |
Behavioral Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Biol |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
15-30 |
Keywords |
Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Biometry; Body Weight; *Dogs; Emotions; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Genetics, Behavioral; Heart Rate; Humans; Intelligence; Male; Models, Psychological; *Personality; Problem Solving; Social Behavior |
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0091-6773 |
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PMID:4738708 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4140 |
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Author |
McKinley, S.; Young, R.J. |
Title |
The efficacy of the model-rival method when compared with operant conditioning for training domestic dogs to perform a retrieval-selection task |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
81 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
357-365 |
Keywords |
Dogs; Learning; Operant conditioning; Model-rival; Cognition |
Abstract |
Traditionally, dogs have been trained by operant conditioning techniques; that is, dogs make a desired behavioural response and this response is reinforced by a reward such as food. This type of training is very effective in training dogs to perform basic obedience behaviours (e.g. `stay'). However, dogs are social animals and should be predisposed to learn from social stimuli. In the present study, we used a modified version of the model-rival technique that has been extensively used in experiments investigating the cognitive ability of parrots. In this technique, social stimuli are used to create in the animal an interest in the object without the use of food or other rewards. Therefore, the animal learns the name of the object (intrinsic reward) and not that the object's name means food. In this experiment we compared the learning ability of nine pet dogs to solve the same retrieval-selection task having been previously trained using operant conditioning or model-rival techniques. The retrieval-selection task was the dogs had to correctly select the commanded object to bring to the experimenter from a group of three similar objects. The results show no difference in the speeds with which the dogs solved the test--demonstrating the efficacy of the model-rival method. This is the first time that the effectiveness of the model-rival technique has been experimentally demonstrated with dogs. Furthermore, we believe that the methodology reported in this paper has applications in dog training and in experiments into dog cognition. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2900 |
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Author |
Feuerstein, N.; Terkel, J. |
Title |
Interrelationships of dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus L.) living under the same roof |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
113 |
Issue |
1-3 |
Pages |
150-165 |
Keywords |
Cats; Dogs; Shared home; Interrelationship; Aggression; Amicability; Indifference; Adaptation |
Abstract |
In the process of domestication, dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) have undergone thousands of years of genetic changes that have adapted them to the human environment. Both species have acquired a global distribution and it has become quite common to find homes with the two living side by side. Nevertheless, there is widespread belief that interspecific communication between dogs and cats is problematic, stemming from their separate evolutionary development and different social structures. Consequently, many people considering possible adoption of both species are concerned about their ability to get along. Interrelationships of dogs and cats living together were studied here in an attempt to determine the main factors influencing the type of relationship likely to develop between the two species. Two approaches were used: (1) a questionnaire completed by owners of both dog(s) and cat(s), which provided a broad database of the animals' behaviors; and (2) observations carried out in participants' homes on their dog-cat interactions. Two separate ethograms for dogs and cats served for analyses of their body language. The findings revealed the following: Both species showed a similar ability to establish a relatively amicable relationship with the other species; the animals' gender had little influence on the nature of their interrelationship; and adoption of the cat prior to the dog appears to conduce to establishing an amicable relationship, as does their first encounter taking place at an early age (up to 6 months of age in cats and up to 1 year in dogs). The findings also suggest that the majority of these dogs and cats understood the particular body language displayed by one animal that has an opposite meaning for the other species; and that the earlier the age of first encounter between the two, the better this understanding. It can be concluded that exposure of both species at an early age to the presence of the other facilitates the learning of each other's body language, and the consequent establishment of an amicable relationship. A better understanding of the various factors that contribute to determining the two species' relationship should not only improve the quality of life of these pets, but also reassure and encourage more people to adopt both cat and dog. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4757 |
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Author |
Bräuer, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M. |
Title |
Visual perspective taking in dogs (Canis familiaris) in the presence of barriers |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
88 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
299-317 |
Keywords |
Dogs; Visual perspective taking; Metacognition |
Abstract |
Previous studies have shown that dogs have developed a special sensitivity to the communicative signals and attentional states of humans. The aim of the current study was to further investigate what dogs know about the visual perception of humans and themselves. In the first two experiments we investigated whether dogs were sensitive to the properties of barriers as blocking the visual access of humans. We presented dogs with a situation in which a human forbade them to take a piece of food, but the type and orientation of the barrier allowed the dog to take the food undetected in some conditions. Dogs differentiated between effective and ineffective barriers, based on their orientation or the particular features of the barriers such as size or the presence of window. In the third study we investigated whether dogs know about what they themselves have seen. We presented subjects with two boxes and placed food in one of them. In the Seen condition the location of the food was shown to the dogs while in the Unseen condition dogs were prevented from seeing the destination of the food. Before selecting one of the boxes by pressing a lever, dogs had the opportunity to seek extra information regarding the contents of the boxes, which would be particularly useful in the condition in which they had not seen where the food was hidden. Dogs rarely used the opportunity to seek information about the contents of the box before making their choice in any condition. Therefore, we found no evidence suggesting that dogs have access to what they themselves have seen, which contrasts with the positive evidence about visual perspective taking in others from the first two experiments and previous studies. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4986 |
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Author |
Shalaby, A.M. |
Title |
Host-preference observations on Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) in Gujarat State, India |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1969 |
Publication |
Annals of the Entomological Society of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann Entomol Soc Am |
Volume |
62 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1270-1273 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Anopheles; Cattle; *Ddt; Dogs; Ecology; Female; Goats; Horses; Humans; India; *Insect Vectors; *Insecticide Resistance; Precipitin Tests; Sheep |
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0013-8746 |
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PMID:5374165 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2739 |
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