Records |
Author |
Heschl, A.; Burkart, J. |
Title |
A new mark test for mirror self-recognition in non-human primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
Volume |
47 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
187-198 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Callithrix/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Female; Male; Photic Stimulation; *Self Concept |
Abstract |
For 30 years Gallup's (Science 167:86-87, 1970) mark test, which consists of confronting a mirror-experienced test animal with its own previously altered mirror image, usually a color mark on forehead, eyebrow or ear, has delivered valuable results about the distribution of visual self-recognition in non-human primates. Chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans and, less frequently, gorillas can learn to correctly understand the reflection of their body in a mirror. However, the standard version of the mark test is good only for positively proving the existence of self-recognition. Conclusive statements about the lack of self-recognition are more difficult because of the methodological constraints of the test. This situation has led to a persistent controversy about the power of Gallup's original technique. We devised a new variant of the test which permits more unequivocal decisions about both the presence and absence of self-recognition. This new procedure was tested with marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus), following extensive training with mirror-related tasks to facilitate performance in the standard mark test. The results show that a slightly altered mark test with a new marking substance (chocolate cream) can help to reliably discriminate between true negative results, indicating a real lack of ability to recognize oneself in a mirror, from false negative results that are due to methodological particularities of the standard test. Finally, an evolutionary hypothesis is put forward as to why many primates can use a mirror instrumentally – i.e. know how to use it for grasping at hidden objects – while failing in the decisive mark test. |
Address |
Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Adolf Lorenz Gasse 2, 3422, Altenberg, Austria. adolf.heschl@uni-graz.at |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0032-8332 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:16432640 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2810 |
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Author |
Grandin, T. |
Title |
Safe handling of large animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Occupational Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Occup Med |
Volume |
14 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
195-212 |
Keywords |
Accidents, Occupational/*prevention & control/statistics & numerical data; Aggression/physiology/psychology; Animal Husbandry/*methods; Animals; *Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cattle; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Crowding/psychology; Fear/physiology/psychology; Female; *Horses/physiology/psychology; Humans; Male; Movement/physiology; *Occupational Health; Risk Factors; *Ruminants/physiology/psychology |
Abstract |
The major causes of accidents with cattle, horses, and other grazing animals are: panic due to fear, male dominance aggression, or the maternal aggression of a mother protecting her newborn. Danger is inherent when handling large animals. Understanding their behavior patterns improves safety, but working with animals will never be completely safe. Calm, quiet handling and non-slip flooring are beneficial. Rough handling and excessive use of electric prods increase chances of injury to both people and animals, because fearful animals may jump, kick, or rear. Training animals to voluntarily cooperate with veterinary procedures reduces stress and improves safety. Grazing animals have a herd instinct, and a lone, isolated animal can become agitated. Providing a companion animal helps keep an animal calm. |
Address |
Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80526, USA |
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English |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0885-114X |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:10329901 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3793 |
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Author |
Gallup, G.G.J. |
Title |
Do minds exist in species other than our own? |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
631-641 |
Keywords |
Animals; Awareness; *Behavior, Animal; Child Psychology; Child, Preschool; *Cognition; Consciousness; Evolution; Humans; Infant; Language; Pan troglodytes; Philosophy; Psychological Theory; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
An answer to the question of animal awareness depends on evidence, not intuition, anecdote, or debate. This paper examines some of the problems inherent in an analysis of animal awareness, and whether animals might be aware of being aware is offered as a more meaningful distinction. A framework is presented which can be used to make a determination about the extent to which other species have experiences similar to ours based on their ability to make inferences and attributions about mental states in others. The evidence from both humans and animals is consistent with the idea that the capacity to use experience to infer the experience of others is a byproduct of self-awareness. |
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English |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0149-7634 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:4080281 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2808 |
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Author |
Epstein, R. |
Title |
Animal cognition as the praxist views it |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
623-630 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Behavioral Sciences/*trends; Behaviorism; *Cognition; Columbidae; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; Humans; Models, Psychological; Problem Solving; Psychological Theory; Psychology/history/trends |
Abstract |
The distinction between psychology and praxics provides a clear answer to the question of animal cognition. As Griffin and others have noted, the kinds of behavioral phenomena that lead psychologists to speak of cognition in humans are also observed in nonhuman animals, and therefore those who are convinced of the legitimacy of psychology should not hesitate to speak of and to attempt to study animal cognition. The behavior of organisms is also a legitimate subject matter, and praxics, the study of behavior, has led to significant advances in our understanding of the kinds of behaviors that lead psychologists to speak of cognition. Praxics is a biological science; the attempt by students of behavior to appropriate psychology has been misguided. Generativity theory is an example of a formal theory of behavior that has proved useful both in the engineering of intelligent performances in nonhuman animals and in the prediction of intelligent performances in humans. |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0149-7634 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:3909017 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2809 |
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Author |
Kaplan, A.I.; Borodovskii, M.I. |
Title |
[Alternative animal behavior: a model and its statistical characteristics] |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly. Biologicheskie Nauki |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki |
Volume |
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Issue |
3 |
Pages |
29-32 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Male; Mathematics; *Models, Biological; *Models, Statistical; Rats; Reinforcement (Psychology) |
Abstract |
The rats' alternative behaviour in T-maze at simultaneous two-sided food refreshment in 13 trials a day during 6 days has been studied. It has been found that in the first testing days the indexes of alternative behaviour of animals correspond to the characteristics of the random alternation. However, on the 5-6th day of testing in the overwhelming majority of rats the true deviation of alternation index above or below than the theoretical values has been revealed. A question on the existence of two strategies of cognitive behaviour alteration and perseveration in rat population is under discussion. |
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Language |
Russian |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
Al'ternativnoe povedenie zhivotnykh: model' i statisticheskie kharakteristiki |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0470-4606 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:2742929 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2799 |
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Author |
Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B. |
Title |
Visual kin recognition in chimpanzees |
Type |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
647-648 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Face; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
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Place of Publication |
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English |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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Area |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:10385114 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
195 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B. |
Title |
Cultural primatology comes of age |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
635-636 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
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English |
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Series Editor |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:10385107 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
196 |
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Author |
Whiten, A.; McGrew, W.C. |
Title |
Is this the first portrayal of tool use by a chimp? |
Type |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
409 |
Issue |
6816 |
Pages |
12 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Philately |
Abstract |
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English |
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ISSN |
0028-0836 |
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Notes |
PMID:11343083 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
739 |
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Author |
Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W.C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C.E.; Wrangham, R.W.; Boesch, C. |
Title |
Cultures in chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
682-685 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species. |
Address |
Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK |
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English |
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ISSN |
0028-0836 |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:10385119 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
742 |
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Author |
Gilbert, B.K.; Hailman, J.P. |
Title |
Uncertainty of leadership-rank in fallow deer |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1966 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
209 |
Issue |
5027 |
Pages |
1041-1042 |
Keywords |
Animals; Artiodactyla; *Behavior, Animal; Female; *Leadership; Pregnancy |
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English |
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ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:5927524 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
2057 |
Permanent link to this record |