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Author R. A. Hopkins
Title CALIFORNIA WILDLIFE HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS SYSTEM Type Manuscript
Year Publication Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume M174 Issue Pages
Keywords Feral Horse Equus caballus
Abstract
Address
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 476
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Author Nicol, C.J
Title Equine Stereotypies. In: Houpt K.A. (Ed.), Type Book Chapter
Year 2000 Publication Recent Advances in Companion Animal Behavior Problems Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher International Veterinary Information Service Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 477
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Author Cheney, D. l .; Seyfarth, R. M.
Title Social complexity and the information acquired during eavesdropping by primates and other animals Type Book Chapter
Year 2004 Publication Animal Communication networks Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract In many of the studies reviewed in this book, eavesdropping takes the

following form: a subject has the opportunity to monitor, or eavesdrop upon, an

interaction between two other animals,Aand B. The subject then uses the information

obtained through these observations to assess A`s and B`s relative dominance

or attractiveness as a mate (e.g. Mennill et al., 2002; Ch. 2). For example, Oliveira

et al. (1998) found that male fighting fish Betta splendens that had witnessed two

other males involved in an aggressive interaction subsequently responded more

strongly to the loser of that interaction than the winner. Subjects-behaviour could

not have been influenced by any inherent differences between the two males, because

subjects responded equally strongly to the winner and the loser of competitive

interactions they had not observed. Similarly, Peake et al. (2001) presented

male great tits Parus major with the opportunity to monitor an apparent competitive

interaction between two strangers by simulating a singing contest using two

loudspeakers. The relative timing of the singing bouts (as measured by the degree

of overlap between the two songs) provided information about each “contestants”

relative status. Following the singing interaction, one of the “contestants” was

introduced into the male`s territory. Males responded significantly less strongly

to singers that had apparently just “lost” the interaction (see also McGregor &

Dabelsteen, 1996; Naguib et al., 1999; Ch. 2).

What information does an individual acquire when it eavesdrops on others?

In theory, an eavesdropper could acquire information of many different sorts:

about A, about B, about the relationship between A and B, or about the place of

Animal Communication Networks, ed. Peter K. McGregor. Published by Cambridge University Press.

c.

Cambridge University Press 2005.

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0521823617c25.xml CU1917B/McGregor 0 521 582361 7 October 7, 2004 22:31

584 D. L. Cheney & R. M. Seyfarth

A`s and B`s relationship in a larger social framework. The exact information acquired

will probably reflect the particular species social structure. For example,

songbirds like great tits live in communities in which six or seven neighbours

surround each territory-holding male. Males appear to benefit from the knowledge

that certain individuals occupy specific areas (e.g. Brooks & Falls, 1975), that

competitive interactions between two different neighbours have particular outcomes,

and that these outcomes are stable over time. We would, therefore, expect

an eavesdropping great tit not only to learn that neighbour A was dominant to

neighbour B, for example, but also to form the expectation that A was likely to

defeat B in all future encounters. More speculatively, because the outcome of territorial

interactions are often site specific (reviewed by Bradbury & Vehrencamp,

1998), we would expect eavesdropping tits to learn further that A dominates B

in some areas but B dominates A in others. In contrast, the information gained

from monitoring neighbours interactions would unlikely be sufficient to allow

the eavesdropper to rank all of its neighbours in a linear dominance hierarchy,

because not all neighbouring males would come into contact with one another.

Such information would be difficult if not impossible to acquire; it might also be

of little functional value.

In contrast, species that live in large, permanent social groups have a much

greater opportunity to monitor the social interactions of many different individuals

simultaneously. Monkey species such as baboons Papio cynocephalus, for

example, typically live in groups of 80 or more individuals, which include several

matrilineal families arranged in a stable, linear dominance rank order (Silk et al.,

1999). Offspring assume ranks similar to those of their mothers, and females maintain

close bonds with their matrilineal kin throughout their lives. Cutting across

these stable long-term relationships based on rank and kinship are more transient

bonds: for example, the temporary associations formed between unrelated

females whose infants are of similar ages, and the “friendships” formed between

adult males and lactating females as an apparent adaptation against infanticide

(Palombit et al., 1997, 2001). In order to compete successfully within such groups, it

would seem advantageous for individuals to recognize who outranks whom, who

is closely bonded to whom, and who is likely to be allied to whom (Harcourt, 1988,

1992; Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990; see below). The ability to adopt a third party`s perspective

and discriminate among the social relationships that exist among others

would seem to be of great selective benefit.

In this chapter, we review evidence for eavesdropping in selected primate

species and we consider what sort of information is acquired when one individual

observes or listens in on the interactions of others. We then compare eavesdropping

by primates with eavesdropping in other animal species, focusing on both

potential differences and directions for further research
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Cambridge University Press Place of Publication Cambridge, Massachusetts Editor McGregor, P.K.
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Series Volume Series Issue Edition
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 495
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Author Mendl M, Held Z.
Title Living in gourps: Evolutionary Perspective Type Book Chapter
Year Publication Social Behavior in Farm Animals Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract An understanding of social behavior is increasingly necessary in farm animal husbandry as more animals are housed in groups rather than in individual stalls or pens. There may be economic or welfare reasons for such housing. This book is the first to specifically address this important subject. The chapters fall into three broad subject areas: concepts in social behavior; species specific chapters; current issues. Authors include leading experts from Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand.
Address
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN 9780851993973 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 512
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Author Linklater, W. L.; Cameron, E. Z.; Stafford, K. J.; Minot, E. O.
Title Estimating Kaimanawa feral horse population size and growth Type Conference Article
Year Publication SCIENCE & RESEARCH INTERNAL REPORT 185 Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract Animal flight behaviour in response to aircraft could have a profound influence

on the accuracy and precision of aerial estimates of population size but is rarely

investigated. Using independent observers on the ground and in the air we

recorded the presence and behaviour of 17 groups, including 136 individually

marked horses, during a helicopter count in New Zealand&#146;s Kaimanawa

Mountains. We also compared the helicopter count with ground-based

estimates using mark-resight and line-transect methods in areas ranging from

20.5 to 176 km2. Helicopter counts were from 16% smaller to 54% larger than

ground-based estimates. The helicopter induced a flight response in all horse

groups monitored. During flight, horse groups traveled from 0.1 up to 2.75 km

before leaving the ground observer&#146;s view and temporarily changed in size and

composition. A tenth of the horses were not counted and a quarter counted

twice. A further 23 (17%) may have been counted twice but only two of the

three observers&#146; records concurred. Thus, the helicopter count over-estimated

the marked sub-population by at least 15% and possibly by up to 32%. The net

over-estimate of the marked sub-population corresponded to the 17% and 13%

difference between helicopter counts and ground-based estimates in the central

study area and for the largest area sampled, respectively. Feral horse flight

behaviour should be considered when designing methods for population

monitoring using aircraft. We identify the characteristics of the helicopter

count that motivated horse flight behaviour. We compared our own recent

estimate of population growth from measures of fecundity and mortality (&#955; =

1.096 with an earlier-published one (&#955; = 1.182, where r = 0.167) that had been

derived by interpolating between the available history of single counts. Our

model of population growth, standardised aerial counts, and historical estimates

of annual reproduction suggest that the historical sequence of counts since

1979 probably over-estimated growth because count techniques improved and

greater effort was expended in successive counts. We used line-transect, markresight

and dung density sampling methods for population monitoring and

discuss their advantages and limitations over helicopter counts.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 515
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Author Wakeling,E
Title Feral Horses of the West Type Conference Volume
Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 516
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Author Sharp, T.; Saunders, G.
Title mustering of feral horses Type Manuscript
Year Publication Ecology Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract Background

Feral horses (Equus caballus) can cause significant environmental damage and losses to

rural industries. Although considered pests, feral horses are also a resource, providing

products such as pet meat for the domestic market and meat for human consumption

for the export market. Control methods include trapping, mustering exclusion fencing,

ground shooting and shooting from helicopters.

Feral horses are mustered by helicopter, motorbike or on horseback, sometimes with the

assistance of coacher horses. Once mustered into yards, net traps or fenced paddocks, the

horses are usually sold to abattoirs for slaughter which can offset the costs of capture and

handling. Less commonly, they are sold as riding horses or relocated to reserves or horse

sanctuaries. Where there is no market for them or where removal may be too costly or

impractical e.g. in conservation areas or remote areas without access to transportation,

horses are sometimes destroyed by shooting in the yards.

This standard operating procedure (SOP) is a guide only; it does not replace or

override the legislation that applies in the relevant State or Territory jurisdiction.

The SOP should only be used subject to the applicable legal requirements (including

OH&S) operating in the relevant jurisdiction.
Address
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 517
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Author Nathan J. Emery
Title The Evolution of Social Cognition Type Book Chapter
Year 2005 Publication The Cognitive Neuroscience of Social BehaviourGarten Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract Although this bookis focusedon the cognitive neuroscience ofhuman social behaviour, an

understandingofsocial cognition in non-human animals is critical for unravellingthe neural basis of

social cognition in humans as well as the selective pressures that have shapedthe evolution ofcomplex

social cognition. Thanks to methodological limitations, we know little about the relationships between

certain biochemical andelectrophysiological properties ofthe human brain andhow theycompute the

behaviour andmental states ofother individuals. Traditional techniques for examiningneural function

in humans, such as event-relatedpotentials (ERP),positron emission tomography(PET),and

functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI),are constrainedbythe fact that subjects are placed

either into an immoveable scanner with a lot ofbackgroundnoise or wiredup with dozens of

electrodes that are sensitive to slight movements. The possibilityofscanningor recordingbrain waves

from two individuals that are physicallyinteractingsociallyis technicallyimpossible at present

(however, see Montague et al, 2002 for a new methodfor simultaneouslyscanningtwo individuals

interactingvia a computer).

The onlywayto understandthe neurocognitive architecture ofhuman social behaviour is to examine

similar social processes in both human andnon-human animal minds andmake comparisons at the

species level. An additional argument is that traditional human socio-cognitive tasks are dependent on

the use ofstories, cartoons andverbal cues andinstructions (Heberlein & Adolphs, this volume)which

themselves will elicit specific neural responses that have to be eliminatedfrom neural responses

specificallyrelatedto mindreading. Therefore, the development ofnon-verbal tasks wouldprovide a

breakthrough for studies in non-linguistic animals, pre-verbal human infants andhuman cognitive

neuroimaging.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Psychology Press Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 543
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Author BRYSON, JOANNA J.
Title EVIDENCE OF MODULARITY FROM PRIMATE ERRORS DURING TASK LEARNING Type Conference Volume
Year Publication MODELING LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND ACTION Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract The last two decades have seen a great deal of theorising and speculation about

the modular nature of human intelligence, as well as a rise in use of modular

architectures in artificial intelligence. Nevertheless, whether such models of natural

intelligence are well supported is still an issue of debate. In this paper, I propose

that the most important criteria for modularity is specialised representations. I

present a modular model of primate learning of the transitive inference task, and

propose an extension to this model which would explain task-learning results in

other domains. I also briefly relate this work to both neuroscience and established

AI learning architectures.
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 605
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Author Schnall, Simone; Gattis,Merideth
Title Transitive Inference by Visual Reasoning Type Conference Volume
Year 1998 Publication Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume Issue Pages 929-934
Keywords
Abstract Two experiments are reported that investigated the influence

of linear spatial organization on transitive inference

performance. Reward/no-reward relations between

overlapping pairs of elements were presented in a context of

linear spatial order or random spatial order. Participants in

the linear arrangement condition showed evidence for visual

reasoning: They systematically mapped spatial relations to

conceptual relation and used the spatial relations to make

inferences on a reasoning task in a new spatial context. We

suggest that linear ordering may be a “good figure”, by

constituting a parsimonious representation for the integration

of premises, as well as for the inferencing process. The late

emergence of transitive inference in children may be the

result of limited cognitive capacity, which --unless an

external spatial array is available --constrains the

construction of an internal spatial array.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 610
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