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Author |
Bateson, M.; Kacelnik, A. |
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Title |
Starlings' preferences for predictable and unpredictable delays to food |
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1997 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal  |
Anim. Behav. |
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53 |
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6 |
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1129-1142 |
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Risk-sensitive foraging theory is based on the premise that unpredictable runs of good or bad luck can cause a variable food source to differ in fitness value from a fixed food source yielding the same average rate of gain but no unpredictability. Thus, risk-sensitive predictions are dependent on the food intake from variable sources being not only variable but also unpredictable or `risky' in outcome. This study tested whether unpredictability is a component of the value that foraging starlings,Sturnus vulgarisattribute to food sources that are variable in the delay to obtain food. Two groups of birds chose between a fixed and a variable delay option; the variable option was unpredictable in the risky group and predictable in the risk-free group in the overall rate of intake it yielded. In both groups the fixed option was adjusted by titration to quantify the magnitude of preference for predictable and unpredictable variance. On negative energy budgets both groups were significantly risk-prone, with the risky group being significantly more risk-prone than the risk-free group. Switching the birds to positive budgets by doubling the size of each food reward had no significant effect on preference, and similar trends to those found with negative budgets were observed. These results are not readily explained by risk-sensitive foraging theory, but may be explained by the algorithm used by the birds to attribute value to average expected rewards. |
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2108 |
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Livoreil, B.; Giraldeau, L. |
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Title |
Patch departure decisions by spice finches foraging singly or in groups |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
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4 |
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967-977 |
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The marginal value theorem predicts that when resources are clumped in space, a forager can maximize its rate of intake by deciding to leave a patch when its current feeding rate falls below the average for the habitat. A group version of the model predicts that when rate-maximizing group members share a patch, they should leave sooner, and each with less gain, than single animals exploiting the same patch. We tested these predictions in the laboratory by measuring patch departure decisions of spice finches, Lonchura punctulataexploiting food patches alone or in groups of three under two habitats that require different travel times. As predicted, group members left the patch sooner and with fewer seeds than single foragers. Unlike the model's assumptions, however, birds did not share the patch equally, and their exploitation curves could not be simply derived from those of single foragers. Grouping decreased the effect of travel time on patch exploitation. Moreover, within each group the bird expected to leave first delayed its departure although it collected fewer seeds than the others. This delayed departure could aim to maintain group membership. We noted an increased variability in seed number collected by group members compared with single foragers, which could be a cost of group foraging.Copyright 1997 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour1997The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour |
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Department of Biology, Concordia University |
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0003-3472 |
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PMID:9344448 |
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2138 |
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Anderson JR; Gallup GG |
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Title |
Self-recognition in Saguinus? A critical essay |
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1997 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
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1563 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2978 |
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Bugnyar T; Huber L |
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Title |
Push or pull: an experimental study on imitation in marmosets |
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1997 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
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817 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2984 |
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Hauser MD; Kralik J |
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Title |
Life beyond the mirror: a reply to Anderson & Gallup |
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1997 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
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1568 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3002 |
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Author |
Povinelli DJ; Gallup GG; Eddy TJ; Bierschwale DT; Engstrom MC |
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Title |
Chimpanzees recognize themselves in mirrors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
53 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1083 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3029 |
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Lefebvre, L.; Whittle, P.; Lascaris, E.; Finkelstein, A. |
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Title |
Feeding innovations and forebrain size in birds |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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53 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
549-560 |
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Abstract |
The links between ecology, behavioural plasticity and brain size are often tested via the comparative method. Given the problems in interpretating comparative tests of learning and cognition, however, alternative measures of plasticity need to be developed. From the short notes section of nine ornithological journals, two separate, exhaustive data sets have been collated on opportunistic foraging innovations in birds of North America (1973-1993;N=196) and the British Isles (1983-1993;N=126). Both the absolute and relative frequencies (corrected for species number per order) of innovations differ between bird orders in a similar fashion in the two geographical zones. Absolute and relative frequency of innovations per order are also related to two measures of relative forebrain size in the two zones. The study confirms predicted trends linking opportunism, brain size and rate of structural evolution. It also suggests that innovation rate in the field may be a useful measure of behavioural plasticity. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4740 |
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Author |
de Wall, F.B.; Aureli, F. |
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Title |
Conflict resolution and distress alleviation in monkeys and apes |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
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807 |
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317-328 |
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*Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Arousal; *Conflict (Psychology); Empathy; Haplorhini/*psychology; Hominidae/*psychology; Humans; Learning; Models, Psychological; *Social Behavior; Stress, Psychological |
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Research on nonhuman primates has produced compelling evidence for reconciliation and consolation, that is, postconflict contacts that serve to respectively repair social relationships and reassure distressed individuals, such as victims of attack. This has led to a view of conflict and conflict resolution as an integrated part of social relationships, hence determined by social factors and modifiable by the social environment. Implications of this new model of social conflict are discussed along with evidence for behavioral flexibility, the value of cooperation, and the possibility that distress alleviation rests on empathy, a capacity that may be present in chimpanzees and humans but not in most other animals. |
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Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dewaal@rmy.emory.edu |
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0077-8923 |
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PMID:9071360 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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2882 |
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Gallup, G.G.J. |
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On the rise and fall of self-conception in primates |
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1997 |
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Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
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Ann N Y Acad Sci |
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818 |
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72-82 |
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Animals; Phylogeny; Primates/*psychology; *Self Concept |
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Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Albany 12222, USA |
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0077-8923 |
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PMID:9237466 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4134 |
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Author |
Swartz, K.B. |
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Title |
What is mirror self-recognition in nonhuman primates, and what is it not? |
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1997 |
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Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
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818 |
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64-71 |
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Animals; *Awareness; *Behavior, Animal; *Ego; Primates/*psychology |
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Department of Psychology, Lehman College of the City University of New York, Bronx 10468, USA |
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0077-8923 |
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PMID:9237465 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4135 |
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