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Author |
Sundaresan, S.R.; Fischhoff, I.R.; Dushoff, J.; Rubenstein, D.I. |
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Title |
Network metrics reveal differences in social organization between two fission-fusion species, Grevy's zebra and onager |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Oecologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Oecologia |
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Volume |
151 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
140-149 |
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Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Environment; Equidae/*physiology; Female; India; Kenya; Male; *Models, Theoretical; *Social Behavior; *Social Environment |
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Abstract |
For species in which group membership frequently changes, it has been a challenge to characterize variation in individual interactions and social structure. Quantifying this variation is necessary to test hypotheses about ecological determinants of social patterns and to make predictions about how group dynamics affect the development of cooperative relationships and transmission processes. Network models have recently become popular for analyzing individual contacts within a population context. We use network metrics to compare populations of Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi) and onagers (Equus hemionus khur). These closely related equids, previously described as having the same social system, inhabit environments differing in the distribution of food, water, and predators. Grevy's zebra and onagers are one example of many sets of coarsely similar fission-fusion species and populations, observed elsewhere in other ungulates, primates, and cetaceans. Our analysis of the population association networks reveals contrasts consistent with their distinctive environments. Grevy's zebra individuals are more selective in their association choices. Grevy's zebra form stable cliques, while onager associations are more fluid. We find evidence that females associate assortatively by reproductive state in Grevy's zebra but not in onagers. The current approach demonstrates the utility of network metrics for identifying fine-grained variation among individuals and populations in association patterns. From our analysis, we can make testable predictions about behavioral mechanisms underlying social structure and its effects on transmission processes. |
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Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ssundare@princeton.edu |
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English |
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0029-8549 |
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PMID:16964497 |
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1863 |
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Author |
Ryder, O.A. |
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Title |
Przewalski's horse – putting the wild horse back in the wild |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Oryx |
Abbreviated Journal |
Oryx |
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Volume |
22 |
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Pages |
154-157 |
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Keywords |
Equidae genetics. |
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Abstract |
The Asian wild horse, or Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii), is believed to currently survive only in captivity. There are more than 660 individuals in over 70 zoological collections, and animals are available for reintroduction. The Przewalski's horse had been bred in captivity for 12 generations, and inbreeding has occurred. Genetic variability has been lost, and released animals will require acclimatization on or near release sites. In China, a program is under way for acclimatization, breeding, and release of wild horses, and plans are being made for a similar program in Mongolia. (LCA) |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1537 |
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Author |
Pritchard, J.C.; Lindberg, A.C.; Main, D.C.J.; Whay, H.R. |
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Title |
Assessment of the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys, using health and behaviour parameters |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Preventive Veterinary Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
Prev Vet Med |
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Volume |
69 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
265-283 |
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Keywords |
*Animal Welfare; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Developing Countries; *Equidae; Female; Health; Male |
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Abstract |
Working animals provide an essential transport resource in developing countries worldwide. Many of these animals are owned by poor people and work in harsh environments, so their welfare is a cause for concern. A protocol was developed to assess the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys in urban and peri-urban areas, using direct observation of health and behaviour parameters. In this study, 4903 animals used for draught, pack and ridden work in Afghanistan, Egypt, India, Jordan and Pakistan were assessed between December 2002 and April 2003. The data showed that donkeys were more likely than mules or horses to demonstrate avoidance or aggressive behaviour towards an observer, while horses were most likely to make a friendly approach. Fewer than 8% of working equines had abnormal mucous membranes, ectoparasites or poor coat condition. Body lesions occurred predominantly in the areas of the breast/shoulder, withers and girth in all three species, with mules having the highest prevalence of lesions in these areas (22.5, 21.3 and 28.4%, respectively). Among horses and donkeys, the prevalence of these lesions was influenced by the type of work carried out. Lesions on the head, neck, ribs, flank and tail base were seen in less than 10% of animals. Across all three species approximately 70% of animals were thin, having a body condition score (BCS) of 2 or less on a scale of 1-5 (1, very thin; 5, very fat) and more horses were in very thin condition (BCS 1) than mules or donkeys. Over 75% of animals demonstrated limb deformities and abnormalities of gait. The results of this study are being used as the initial stage of a long-term strategy to inform priorities for welfare interventions in working equines and to establish a welfare benchmark. Subsequent stages will rank the welfare concerns identified, assess the contributing risk factors and implement specific interventions to address these risks. Following intervention, success in improving welfare will be measured by repetition of this protocol and comparison with the benchmark. |
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Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK. joy.pritchard@bristol.ac.uk |
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ISSN |
0167-5877 |
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PMID:15907574 |
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no |
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Serial |
1889 |
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Author |
Burden, F.; Thiemann, A. |
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Title |
Donkeys Are Different |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proceedings of the 2015 Equine Science Society Symposium |
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Volume |
35 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
376-382 |
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Keywords |
Donkey; Ass; Equid; Mule |
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As a unique species of equine, the donkey has certain specific variations from the horse. This review highlights the origins of the donkey and how this impacts on its behavior, physiology, and propensity to disease. The donkey is less of a flight animal and has been used by humans for pack and draught work, in areas where their ability to survive poorer diets, and transboundary disease while masking overt signs of pain and distress has made them indispensable to human livelihoods. When living as a companion animal, however, the donkey easily accumulates adipose tissue, and this may create a metabolically compromised individual prone to diseases of excess such as laminitis and hyperlipemia. They show anatomic variations from the horse especially in the hoof, upper airway, and their conformation. Variations in physiology lead to differences in the metabolism and distribution of many drugs. With over 44 million donkeys worldwide, it is important that veterinarians have the ability to understand and treat this equid effectively. |
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ISSN |
0737-0806 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6541 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, J.W.J.; Liu, I.K.; Fayrer-Hosken, R.; Rutberg, A.T. |
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Title |
Case studies in wildlife immunocontraception: wild and feral equids and white-tailed deer |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Reproduction, fertility, and development |
Abbreviated Journal |
Reprod Fertil Dev |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
105-110 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Antigens/immunology; Contraception, Immunologic/*veterinary; *Deer; *Equidae; Female; Immunization, Secondary; Pest Control/*methods; Pregnancy; Swine; Vaccines/administration & dosage; Zona Pellucida/immunology |
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Non-lethal management methods are required for wild equids that are protected by law and for deer inhabiting areas where lethal controls are not legal or safe. Single or multiple inoculations of porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine have been delivered to wild horses and deer by means of darts. Contraceptive efficacy in horses after two inoculations ranged from 90% to 100%, and after a single inoculation ranged from 19% to 28%. Mares given a controlled-release form of the vaccine had foaling rates ranging from 7% to 20%. No detectable changes in social organization or behaviours among treated horses occurred. Contraceptive effects were reversible after 4 consecutive years of treatment but 5-7 years of treatment resulted in ovulation failure and decreased urinary oestrogen concentrations. Among deer, two inoculations were 70-100% effective in preventing fawns, but one inoculation yielded a contraceptive efficacy of < or = 20%, with pregnancies occurring late in the breeding season; a single annual booster inoculation reduced fertility to 20% in the second year. Energy costs of extended breeding seasons were less than those resulting from pregnancy. After two years of treatment, ovaries appeared normal. These studies suggest that PZP immunocontraception can be successfully applied to certain free-roaming populations of wild horses and deer. |
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ZooMontana, Billings 59108, USA |
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ISSN |
1031-3613 |
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Notes |
PMID:9109199 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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143 |
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Author |
Moehlman, P.D. |
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Title |
Endangered wild equids |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
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Volume |
292 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
74-81 |
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Keywords |
Africa; Americas; Animals; *Animals, Wild/physiology; Asia; *Conservation of Energy Resources; Environment; *Equidae/physiology; Food Chain; Humans; Male; Reproduction |
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IUCN-The World Conservation Union/Species Survival Commission Equid Specialist Group |
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0036-8733 |
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PMID:15859216 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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551 |
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Author |
Macfadden, B.J. |
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Title |
Evolution. Fossil horses--evidence for evolution |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
307 |
Issue |
5716 |
Pages |
1728-1730 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Body Size; DNA, Mitochondrial; Diet; *Equidae/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics; *Evolution; Feeding Behavior; *Fossils; *Horses/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics; Paleodontology; Phylogeny; Time; Tooth/anatomy & histology |
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Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. bmacfadd@flmnh.ufl.edu |
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1095-9203 |
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PMID:15774746 |
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1892 |
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Thackeray, J.F. |
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Title |
Zebras from wonderwerk cave, northern Cape province, South Africa: attempts to distinguish Equus burchelli and E. quagga |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
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South African journal of science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Suid- Afrikaanse Tydsskrif vir Wetenskap |
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84 |
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99-101 |
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Cape Province; Teeth; Statistical analysis; Equidae; Hippomorpha; South Africa; Southern Africa; Perissodactyla; Mammalia; Vertebrata |
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0038-2353 |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1644 |
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Author |
Smith, D.G.; Pearson, R.A. |
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Title |
A review of the factors affecting the survival of donkeys in semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Tropical Animal Health and Production |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trop Anim Health Prod |
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37 Suppl 1 |
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1-19 |
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Keywords |
Africa South of the Sahara; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Equidae/growth & development/*physiology; Socioeconomic Factors |
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Abstract |
The large fluctuations seen in cattle populations during periods of drought in sub-Saharan Africa are not evident in the donkey population. Donkeys appear to have a survival advantage over cattle that is increasingly recognized by smallholder farmers in their selection of working animals. The donkey's survival advantages arise from both socioeconomic and biological factors. Socioeconomic factors include the maintenance of a low sustainable population of donkeys owing to their single-purpose role and their low social status. Also, because donkeys are not usually used as a meat animal and can provide a regular income as a working animal, they are not slaughtered in response to drought, as are cattle. Donkeys have a range of physiological and behavioural adaptations that individually provide small survival advantages over cattle but collectively may make a large difference to whether or not they survive drought. Donkeys have lower maintenance costs as a result of their size and spend less energy while foraging for food; lower energy costs result in a lower dry matter intake (DMI) requirement. In donkeys, low-quality diets are digested almost as efficiently as in ruminants and, because of a highly selective feeding strategy, the quality of diet obtained by donkeys in a given pasture is higher than that obtained by cattle. Lower energy costs of walking, longer foraging times per day and ability to tolerate thirst may allow donkeys to access more remote, under-utilized sources of forage that are inaccessible to cattle on rangeland. As donkeys become a more popular choice of working animal for farmers, specific management practices need to be devised that allow donkeys to fully maximize their natural survival advantages. |
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Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, Scotland, UK. d.g.smith@abdn.ac.uk |
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0049-4747 |
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PMID:16335068 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4231 |
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Author |
Robinson, H.C. |
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Title |
Equine interspecies aggression |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
The Veterinary record |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet. Rec. |
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Volume |
160 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
244 |
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Keywords |
*Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Equidae; Horses/*physiology/*psychology |
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0042-4900 |
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PMID:17308028 |
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1773 |
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