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Author |
Kaminski, J.; Call, J.; Fischer, J. |
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Title |
Word Learning in a Domestic Dog: Evidence for “Fast Mapping” |
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2004 |
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Science |
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Science |
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304 |
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5677 |
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1682-1683 |
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During speech acquisition, children form quick and rough hypotheses about the meaning of a new word after only a single exposure--a process dubbed “fast mapping.” Here we provide evidence that a border collie, Rico, is able to fast map. Rico knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those items right away as well as 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Fast mapping thus appears to be mediated by general learning and memory mechanisms also found in other animals and not by a language acquisition device that is special to humans. |
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10.1126/science.1097859 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4678 |
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Milo, R.; Itzkovitz, S.; Kashtan, N.; Levitt, R.; Alon, U. |
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Title |
Response to Comment on “Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks” and “Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks” |
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2004 |
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Science |
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Science |
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305 |
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5687 |
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1107d |
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10.1126/science.1100519 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5031 |
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Milo, R.; Itzkovitz, S.; Kashtan, N.; Levitt, R.; Shen-Orr, S.; Ayzenshtat, I.; Sheffer, M.; Alon, U. |
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Title |
Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
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Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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303 |
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5663 |
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1538-1542 |
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Complex biological, technological, and sociological networks can be of very different sizes and connectivities, making it difficult to compare their structures. Here we present an approach to systematically study similarity in the local structure of networks, based on the significance profile (SP) of small subgraphs in the network compared to randomized networks. We find several superfamilies of previously unrelated networks with very similar SPs. One superfamily, including transcription networks of microorganisms, represents “rate-limited” information-processing networks strongly constrained by the response time of their components. A distinct superfamily includes protein signaling, developmental genetic networks, and neuronal wiring. Additional superfamilies include power grids, protein-structure networks and geometric networks, World Wide Web links and social networks, and word-adjacency networks from different languages. |
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10.1126/science.1089167 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5033 |
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Artzy-Randrup, Y.; Fleishman, S.J.; Ben-Tal, N.; Stone, L. |
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Comment on “Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks” and “Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks” |
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2004 |
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Science |
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Science |
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305 |
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5687 |
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1107c |
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10.1126/science.1099334 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5037 |
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Author |
Sullivan, R.M. |
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Title |
Hemispheric Asymmetry in Stress Processing in Rat Prefrontal Cortex and the Role of Mesocortical Dopamine |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Stress |
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Stress |
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7 |
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2 |
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131-143 |
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The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is known to play an important role not only in the regulation of emotion,
but in the integration of affective states with appropriate modulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine
stress regulatory systems. The present review highlights findings in the rat which helps to elucidate the
complex nature of prefrontal involvement in emotion and stress regulation. The medial PFC is
particularly important in this regard and while dorsomedial regions appear to play a suppressive role in
such regulation, the ventromedial (particularly infralimbic) region appears to activate behavioral,
neuroendocrine and sympathetic autonomic systems in response to stressful situations. This may be
especially true of spontaneous stress-related behavior or physiological responses to relatively acute
stressors. The role of the medial PFC is somewhat more complex in conditions involving learned
adjustments to stressful situations, such as the extinction of conditioned fear responses, but it is clear
that the medial PFC is important in incorporating stressful experience for future adaptive behavior. It is
also suggested that mesocortical dopamine plays an important adaptive role in this region by preventing
excessive behavioral and physiological stress reactivity. The rat brain shows substantial hemispheric
specialization in many respects, and while the right PFC is normally dominant in the activation of
stress-related systems, the left may play a role in countering this activation through processes of
interhemispheric inhibition. This proposed basic template for the lateralization of stress regulatory
systems is suggested to be associated with efficient stress and emotional self-regulation, and also to be
shaped by both early postnatal experience and gender differences. |
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Informa Clin Med |
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1025-3890 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5356 |
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Author |
Huebener, E. |
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Title |
Die Bewegungen von Pferderumpf und -rücken aus der Sicht des Reiters |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Tierärztliche Umschau |
Abbreviated Journal |
Tierärztl. Umschau |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
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Pages |
327-334 |
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Keywords |
Schritt – Trab – Galopp – Schmerz – Schäden |
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Abstract |
Die Bewegungen von Rumpf und Rücken des Pferdes in der Fortbewegung bestimmen Sitz und Schenkelhilfen – Grundlagen pferdgerechten und kultivierten, feinfühligen Reitens. In ihrer Tendenz ließen sich diese Bewegungen jetzt aus den Fußfolgen der Grundgangarten ableiten. Die Erkenntnisse sind per Video verifiziert. Mit ihrer Übersetzung in Diagramme wurde versucht, den gegenwärtigen Wissensstand für nicht-reitende Wissenschaftler und denkende Reiter gleichermaßen verständlich darzustellen. Die Akzeptanz des aufbereiteten Wissens in der Reiterei würde verbessert, wenn man zu gemessenen Werten für die Bewegungen des Pferderückens und des Pferderumpfes käme. Plädoyer eines “Nur-Reiters” für einschlägige, universitäre Forschung. |
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German |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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420 |
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Author |
Huebener, E. |
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Title |
Movements of Trunk and Back of the Horse from a Rider's View |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Tierärztliche Umschau |
Abbreviated Journal |
Tierärztl. Umschau |
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6 |
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327 |
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walk – trot – canter – pain – damages |
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The trunk and back movements of the horse during locomotion determine seat position and leg aids of the rider, this is the basis for horse-oriented and cultivated, sensitive riding. In their tendency these movements could now be derived from the foot sequences of the basic paces. The realizations are verified by video. By translating these movements into diagrams, the author is making an attempt to present the current state of knowledge for non-riding scholars and academically oriented riders alike. The acceptance of the prepared riding knowledge would be improved if one could produce measured values of the horse's back and trunk movements. An appeal of a rider for relevant, scholarly research. |
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German |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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437 |
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Guo, G.L.; Moffit, J.S.; Nicol, C.J.; Ward, J.M.; Aleksunes, L.A.; Slitt, A.L.; Kliewer, S.A.; Manautou, J.E.; Gonzalez, F.J. |
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Title |
Enhanced acetaminophen toxicity by activation of the pregnane X receptor |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Toxicol Sci |
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82 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
374-380 |
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Acetaminophen/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity; Animals; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/biosynthesis; Biotransformation; Blotting, Northern; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/biosynthesis; Pregnenolone Carbonitrile/pharmacology; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/*drug effects; Receptors, Steroid/*drug effects; Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolism |
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The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Activation of PXR represents an important mechanism for the induction of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes that can convert acetaminophen (APAP) to its toxic intermediate metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). Therefore, it was hypothesized that activation of PXR plays a major role in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Pretreatment with the PXR activator, pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), markedly enhanced APAP-induced hepatic injury, as revealed by increased serum ALT levels and hepatic centrilobular necrosis, in wild-type but not in PXR-null mice. Further analysis showed that following PCN treatment, PXR-null mice had lower CYP3A11 expression, decreased NAPQI formation, and increased maintenance of hepatic glutathione content compared to wild-type mice. Thus, these results suggest that PXR plays a critical role in APAP-induced hepatic toxicity, probably by inducing CYP3A11 expression and hence increasing bioactivation. |
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Laboratory of Metabolism, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA |
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1096-6080 |
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PMID:15456926 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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71 |
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Author |
List, C. |
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Title |
Democracy in animal groups: a political science perspective |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution (Personal Edition) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends Ecol Evol |
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19 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
168-169 |
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0169-5347 |
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PMID:16701250 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5137 |
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Author |
Markman, E.M.; Abelev, M. |
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Title |
Word learning in dogs? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
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8 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
479-81; discussion 481 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Association Learning; Dogs; *Learning; *Verbal Learning; *Vocabulary |
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Abstract |
In a recent paper, Kaminski, Call and Fischer report pioneering research on word-learning in a dog. In this commentary we suggest ways of distinguishing referential word use from mere association. We question whether the dog is reasoning by exclusion and, if so, compare three explanations – learned heuristics, default assumptions, and pragmatic reasoning – as they apply to children and might apply to dogs. Kaminski et al.'s work clearly raises important questions about the origins and basis of word learning and social cognition. |
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Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Bldg 420, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA |
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1364-6613 |
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PMID:15491899 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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274 |
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