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	Author	Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M.
	Title	Transfer of value from S+ to S- in a simultaneous discrimination			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	20	Issue	2	Pages	176-183
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Problem Solving; Reinforcement Schedule; *Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	Value transfer theory has been proposed to account for transitive inference effects (L. V. Fersen, C. D. L. Wynne, J. D. Delius, & J. E. R. Staddon, 1991), in which following training on 4 simultaneous discriminations (A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-) pigeons show a preference for B over D. According to this theory, some of the value of reinforcement acquired by each S+ transfers to the S-. In the transitive inference experiment, C (associated with both reward and nonreward) can transfer less value to D than A (associated only with reward) can transfer to B. Support for value transfer theory was demonstrated in 2 experiments in which an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were always reinforced (S+) was preferred over an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were sometimes reinforced (S +/-).
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8189186			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	258
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	Author	Urcuioli, P.J.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Transfer across delayed discriminations: evidence regarding the nature of prospective working memory			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	18	Issue	2	Pages	154-173
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Mental Recall; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Problem Solving; Retention (Psychology); Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	Pigeons were trained successively either on 2 delayed simple discriminations or on a delayed simple discrimination followed by delayed matching-to-sample. During subsequent transfer tests, the initial stimuli from the 1st task were substituted for those in the 2nd. Performances transferred immediately if both sets of initial stimuli had been associated with the presence versus absence of food on their respective retention tests, and the direction of transfer (positive or negative) depended on whether the substitution involved stimuli with identical or different outcome associates. No transfer was found, however, when the initial stimuli were associated with different patterns of responding but food occurred at the end of every trial. These results are consistent with outcome expectancy mediation but are incompatible with response intention and retrospective coding accounts.
	Address	Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1364
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1583445			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	260
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	Author	Reid, P.J.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Detection of cryptic prey: search image or search rate?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	18	Issue	3	Pages	273-286
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Food Preferences/psychology; Imagination; Mental Recall; *Predatory Behavior
	Abstract	Animals' improvement in capturing cryptic prey with experience has long been attributed to a perceptual mechanism, the specific search image. Detection could also be improved by adjusting rate of search. In a series of studies using both naturalistic and operant search tasks, pigeons searched for wheat, dyed to produce 1 conspicuous and 2 equally cryptic prey types. Contrary to the predictions of the search-rate hypothesis, pigeons given a choice between the 2 cryptic types took the type experienced most recently. However, experience with 1 cryptic type improved accuracy on the other cryptic type, a result inconsistent with a search image specific to 1 prey type. Search image may better be thought of as priming of attention to those features of the prey type that best distinguish the prey from the background.
	Address	University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1619395			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	381
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.; Plowright, C.M.
	Title	How pigeons estimate rates of prey encounter			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	18	Issue	3	Pages	219-235
	Keywords	Analysis of Variance; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Food Preferences/psychology; Motivation; Predatory Behavior; Probability Learning; *Reinforcement Schedule; Social Environment
	Abstract	Pigeons were trained on operant schedules simulating successive encounters with prey items. When items were encountered on variable-interval schedules, birds were more likely to accept a poor item (long delay to food) the longer they had just searched, as if they were averaging prey density over a short memory window (Experiment 1). Responding as if the immediate future would be like the immediate past was reversed when a short search predicted a long search next time (Experiment 2). Experience with different degrees of environmental predictability appeared to change the length of the memory window (Experiment 3). The results may reflect linear waiting (Higa, Wynne, & Staddon, 1991), but they differ in some respects. The findings have implications for possible mechanisms of adjusting behavior to current reinforcement conditions.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1619391			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	382
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.; Krebs, J.R.
	Title	How marsh tits find their hoards: the roles of site preference and spatial memory			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	8	Issue	4	Pages	354-375
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Birds; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Memory; Mental Recall; Orientation; *Space Perception
	Abstract	Marsh tits (Parus palustris) store single food items in scattered locations and recover them hours or days later. Some properties of the spatial memory involved were analyzed in two laboratory experiments. In the first, marsh tits were offered 97 sites for storing 12 seeds. They recovered a median of 65% of them 2-3 hr later, making only two errors per seed while doing so. Over trials, they used some sites more often than others, but during recovery they were more likely to visit a site of any preference value if they had stored a seed there that day than if they had not. Recovery performance was much worse if the experimenters moved the seeds between storage and recovery. A fixed search strategy that had some of the same average properties as the tits' search behavior also did worse than the real birds. In Experiment 2, any tendency to visit the same sites on successive daily tests in the aviary was placed in opposition to memory for storage sites by allowing the tits to store more seeds 2 hr after storing a first batch. They tended to avoid individual storage sites holding seeds from the first batch. When the tits searched for all the seeds 2 hr later, they tended to recover more seeds from the second batch than from the first, i.e., there was a recency effect.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7175447			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	385
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	Author	Krcmar, S.; Mikuska, A.; Merdic, E.
	Title	Response of Tabanidae (Diptera) to different natural attractants			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Vector Ecology : Journal of the Society for Vector Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	J Vector Ecol
	Volume	31	Issue	2	Pages	262-265
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Cattle/urine; Diptera/physiology; Female; Horses/urine; Insect Control/methods; Sheep/urine; Swine/urine; Urine/*physiology
	Abstract	The response of female tabanids to natural attractants was studied in the Monjoros Forest along the Nature Park Kopacki rit in eastern Croatia. Tabanids were caught in canopy traps baited with either aged cow, horse, sheep, or pig urine and also in unbaited traps. Tabanids were collected in a significantly higher numbers in traps baited with natural attractants compared to unbaited traps. The number of females of Tabanus bromius, Tabanus maculicornis, Tabanus tergestinus, and Hybomitra bimaculata collected from canopy traps baited with cow urine and traps baited with other natural attractants differed significantly. Females of Haematopota pluvialis were also collected more frequently in canopy traps baited with aged cow urine than in those with aged horse urine, but this difference was not significant. However, the number of females of Haematopota pluvialis collected from canopy traps baited with other natural attractants (sheep and pig urine) differed significantly when compared with aged cow urine baited traps. Canopy traps baited with aged cow urine collected significantly more Tabanus sudeticus than did traps baited with aged pig urine. Finally, the aged cow urine baited canopy traps collected 51 times more tabanids than unbaited traps, while aged horse, aged sheep, and aged pig urine baited traps collected 36, 30, and 22 times as many tabanids, respectively, than unbaited traps.
	Address	Department of Biology, JJ Strossmayer University, Lj. Gaja 6, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1081-1710	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17249343			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1836
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	Author	Hanggi, E.B.; Ingersoll, J.F.; Waggoner, T.L.
	Title	*Color vision in horses (Equus caballus): deficiencies identified using a pseudoisochromatic plate test*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Comp. Psychol.
	Volume	121	Issue	1	Pages	65-72
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Color Perception; Color Perception Tests/veterinary; Discrimination Learning; Female; Horses/*psychology; Male; Sensitivity and Specificity
	Abstract	In the past, equine color vision was tested with stimuli composed either of painted cards or photographic slides or through physiological testing using electroretinogram flicker photometry. Some studies produced similar results, but others did not, demonstrating that there was not yet a definitive answer regarding color vision in horses (Equus caballus). In this study, a pseudoisochromatic plate test--which is highly effective in testing color vision both in small children and in adult humans--was used for the first time on a nonhuman animal. Stimuli consisted of different colored dotted circles set against backgrounds of varying dots. The coloration of the circles corresponded to the visual capabilities of different types of color deficiencies (anomalous trichromacy and dichromacy). Four horses were tested on a 2-choice discrimination task. All horses successfully reached criterion for gray circles and demonstration circles. None of the horses were able to discriminate the protan-deutan plate or the individual protan or deutan plates. However, all were able to discriminate the tritan plate. The results suggest that horses are dichromats with color vision capabilities similar to those of humans with red-green color deficiencies.
	Address	Equine Research Foundation, Aptos, CA 95001, USA. EquiResF@aol.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17324076			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @ ; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029			Serial	1972
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	Author	Gibson, B.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Competition among spatial cues in a naturalistic food-carrying task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Learning & behavior : a Psychonomic Society publication	Abbreviated Journal	Learn Behav
	Volume	31	Issue	2	Pages	143-159
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Association Learning; Attention; Choice Behavior; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Space Perception; *Spatial Behavior
	Abstract	Rats collected nuts from a container in a large arena in four experiments testing how learning about a beacon or cue at a goal interacts with learning about other spatial cues (place learning). Place learning was quick, with little evidence of competition from the beacon (Experiments 1 and 2). Rats trained to approach a beacon regardless of its location were subsequently impaired when the well-learned beacon was removed and other spatial cues identified the location of the goal (Experiment 3). The competition between beacon and place cues reflected learned irrelevance for place cues (Experiment 4). The findings differ from those of some studies of associative interactions between cue and place learning in other paradigms.
	Address	University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1543-4494	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12882373			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	368
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	Author	Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Choice based on exclusion in pigeons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Psychonomic bulletin & review	Abbreviated Journal	Psychon Bull Rev
	Volume	10	Issue	4	Pages	959-964
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Association Learning; Choice Behavior; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Memory, Short-Term; *Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	When humans acquire a conditional discrimination and are given a novel-sample-comparison choice, they often reject a comparison known to be associated with a different sample and choose the alternative comparison by default (or by exclusion). In Experiment 1, we found that if, following matching training, we replaced both of the samples, acquisition took five times longer than if we replaced only one of the samples. Apparently, the opportunity to reject one of the comparisons facilitated the association of the other sample with the remaining comparison. In Experiment 2, we first trained pigeons to treat two samples differently (to associate Sample A with Comparison 1 and Sample B with Comparison 2) and then trained them to associate one of those samples with a new comparison (e.g., Sample A with Comparison 3) and to associate a novel sample (Sample C) with a different, new comparison (Comparison 4). When Sample B then replaced Sample C, the pigeons showed a significant tendency to choose Comparison 4 over Comparison 3. Thus, when given the opportunity, pigeons will choose by exclusion.
	Address	University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1069-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15000545			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	233
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	Author	Heyes, C.M.; Dawson, G.R.
	Title	A demonstration of observational learning in rats using a bidirectional control			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Q J Exp Psychol B
	Volume	42	Issue	1	Pages	59-71
	Keywords	appetite; attention; imitation; problem solving; psychomotor performance; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Imitative Behavior; Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance
	Abstract	Hungry rats observed a conspecific demonstrator pushing a single manipulandum, a joystick, to the right or to the left for food reward and were then allowed access to the joystick from a different orientation. The effects of right-pushing vs left-pushing observation experience on (1) response acquisition, (2) reversal of a left-right discrimination, and (3) responding in extinction, were examined. Rats that had observed left-pushing made more left responses during acquisition than rats that had observed right-pushing, and rats that had observed demonstrators pushing in the direction that had previously been reinforced took longer to reach criterion reversal and made more responses in extinction than rats that had observed demonstrators pushing in the opposite direction to that previously reinforced. These results provide evidence that rats are capable of learning a response, or a response-reinforcer contingency, through conspecific observation.
	Address	University of Cambridge, U.K.
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	02724995 (Issn)	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Cited By (since 1996): 49; Export Date: 17 May 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Heyes, C.M.			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1766
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