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Author |
Ellard, M.-E.; Crowell-Davis, S.L. |
Title |
Evaluating equine dominance in draft mares |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
24 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
55-75 |
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Abstract |
The social hierarchy of a herd of 12 draft mares was assessed using agonism in the field, paired-feeding tests and a group-feeding test. Results from the paired-feeding test correlated significantly, but imperfectly, with those from the field. Differential motivation among subjects for the feed and disruption of ambiguous relationships among mares reduced the reliability of the paired-feeding test as a measure of social dominance. Results from the group-feeding test did not correlate significantly with the field hierarchy and only a few mares ever ate from the bucket. Height, weight and age each correlated significantly with rank; a mare's tendency to remain alone did not. Total aggressive scores during the paired-feeding test correlated with rank. However, a high-ranking mare was no more aggressive to each of her subordinates than was a low-ranking mare. Rather, all mares aggressed more against individuals close in rank to themselves and with preferred field associates. In the field, mares associated most with other mares of similar rank. |
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Lynch, J.J.; Hinch, G.N.; Bouissou, M.F.; Elwin, R.L.; Green, G.C.; Davies, H.I. |
Title |
Social organization in young Merino and Merino x Border Leicester ewes |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
22 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
49-63 |
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The social behaviour of two groups of Merino ewes and one group of Merino x Border Leicester ewes was studied. Each group comprised eight sheep, 15 months of age and, within each group, the animals were of similar liveweight. Dominance rankings were established at each test, but there was little consistency in ewe rank over time. Similarly, little consistency was found in ewe ranking for movement order between pens, and for exploratory and fear test rankings. However, with tests on movement orders, some consistency in the sheep which ranked first was shown. In the field, no aggression was seen while sheep were grazing and there were no occasions when ranking related to movement could be observed. There were short-term associations between pairs of sheep, but these occurred in less than half the individuals. Although the spatial distribution was not studied, the lack of long-term association between pairs would suggest that strong spatial preference does not occur. It is concluded that the social organization of single-age Merino and Merino x Border Leicester ewes is not based on dominance or leadership ranking nor on long-term associations between individuals. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
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2036 |
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Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Caudle, A.B. |
Title |
Coprophagy by foals: recognition of maternal feces |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
24 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
267-272 |
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Six foals were each observed for 4 h per week during the first 6 weeks of life in an experimental situation in which they had access to feces taken from their mother and from another mare which was not pregnant or lactating. The foals sniffed at the feces equally. Two foals engaged in a total of seven bouts of coprophagy. All bouts of coprophagy involved maternal feces (χ2; P<0.01). |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2273 |
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Duncan, I.J.H.; Petherick, J.C. |
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Proceeding (Paper presented at the Winter Meeting of the Society for Veterinary Ethology, London, Great Britain, 30 November 1988)Cognition: The implications for animal welfare |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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24 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
81-1010 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2921 |
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Author |
McCall, C.A. |
Title |
The effect of body condition of horses on discrimination learning abilities |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
22 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
327-334 |
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Discriminative learning abilities were studied in 12 mature, malnourished horses. All horses initially received a condition score (CS) between 2 and 4 on a scale of 1 (poor) to 9 (extremely fat). Then horses were assigned to one of 3 treatments based on their eventual, rehabilitated CS during discrimination testing: thin, CS 1-3; moderate, CS 4-6; and fat, CS 7-9. The discrimination learning task was performed for 14 days with a maximum of 20 trials per day. Daily criterion was set at eight consecutively correct trails. Total trials to first criteria and total errors during testing were recorded. Analysis of variance showed that treatments did not differ (P>0.05) in total trials to first criterion, however horses on the fat treatment did have higher total error scores (P<0.05) than horses on the thin or moderate treatments. This difference was probably owing to lack of motivation in the fat treatment horses, rather than to true learning ability differences. The sex of the horse did not significantly affect either learning score. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3570 |
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Author |
Kondo, S.; Sekine, J.; Okubo, M.; Asahida, Y. |
Title |
The effect of group size and space allowance on the agonistic and spacing behavior of cattle |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
24 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
127-135 |
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The number of agonistic encounters in a group (frequency per h) and the mean distance to the nearest neighbor in a group (m) were analyzed by a multiple regression on the group size (number of animals in a group) and space allowance (m3 per animal) in each group of calves (6–13 months old, Holstein female and castrated male) and adult cattle (2–12 years old, Holstein heifers and cows or Holstein and Hereford grazing beef cattle). A total of 196 calves and 602 adult animals were used in this analysis. In calves, a significant correlation was found between agonistic behavior and space allowance (r=-0.48, P<0.01), but not between agonistic behavior and group sizes. The mean distance to the nearest neighbor in calf groups increased as the group size decreased and space allowance increased (R2=0.66, P<0.01). In adult cattle, the number of agonistic encounters increased linearly as the group size increased (r=+0.37, P<0.05). The relationship between agonistic behavior and 1(space allowance)2 was significant (r=+0.48, P<0.05). The mean distance to the nearest neighbor tended to increase as the group size decreased and the space allowance increased (R2=0.68, P<0.01). When the space allowance increased beyond 360 m2 per animal, the average distance to the nearest neighbor in the adult group was maintained within the range of 10–12 m. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5473 |
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Author |
Galef, B.G. |
Title |
Enduring social enhancement of rats' preferences for the palatable and the piquant |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Appetite |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appetite |
Volume |
13 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
81-92 |
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In three experiments on the social induction of food preferences in rats, I found: (a) that eight 30-min exposures of a naive “observer” rat to a “demonstrator” rat fed one of two approximately equipalatable diets produced observer preference for the diet fed to its demonstrator that lasted for more than a month, (b) that simple exposure of naive subjects to a diet itself, rather than to a rat that had eaten a diet, was not sufficient to enhance preference for that diet, and (c) that lasting preference for an unpalatable, piquant diet could also be established by exposing naive rats to demonstrators that had eaten the piquant diet, but not by simply exposure to the piquant diet itself. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis proposed by both Birch and Rozin that social-affective contexts are important in establishing stable, learned preferences for foods. |
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0195-6663 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6567 |
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Author |
Walker, S. |
Title |
An introduction to animal cognition : By . Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum (1988). Pp. viii + 328. Price [pound sign]8.95 paperback |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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37 |
Issue |
Part 3 |
Pages |
521-522 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2922 |
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Author |
De Waal, Frans B. M.; Luttrell, L.M. |
Title |
Toward a comparative socioecology of the genus Macaca: Different dominance styles in rhesus and stumptail monkeys |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
Volume |
19 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
83-109 |
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Captive studies can make a unique contribution to primate socioecology by documenting species-typical social dispositions under controlled conditions. Recent theories seek to connect the dominance relationships, group cohesiveness, and feeding ecology of primates. The present study explores the first two aspects by comparing the social organization of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and stumptail monkeys (M. arctoides). Data were collected over a period of eight years, with five different methods, on three well-established captive groups in identical environments. The groups were found to share one characteristic: a clear-cut, linear formal dominance hierarchy as expressed in teeth-baring displays. The two main study groups (one of each species) differed significantly, however, with respect to nine of eleven behavioral measures. In addition to a previously reported higher frequency of reconciliation in the stumptail group, this group showed (1) more frequent but less severe aggressive behavior, (2) greater symmetry of contests, (3) greater social tolerance, (4) more nonagonistic approaches, and (5) more allogrooming. The differences can be summarized as a contrast in dominance style, with the stumptails having a more relaxed style and placing greater emphasis on social cohesion than the rhesus monkeys. An egalitarian attitude was also reflected in approach behavior: contacts in the rhesus group were mostly initiated by dominants, whereas contacts in the stumptail group were initiated independent of rank. Comparisons with a second rhesus group, and with published reports, suggest that while some of the observed differences are probably representative of the two species, considerable intraspecific variation does exist, and a more comprehensive program of comparative studies is needed. |
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1098-2345 |
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refbase @ user @ FransB.M.DeWaal1989 |
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870 |
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Author |
McHugh, C.P. |
Title |
Ecology of a semi-isolated population of adult Anopheles freeborni: abundance, trophic status, parity, survivorship, gonotrophic cycle length, and host selection |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Volume |
41 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
169-176 |
Keywords |
Aging/physiology; Animals; Anopheles/*physiology; Breeding; California; Cattle/parasitology; Dogs/parasitology; Ecology; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; Horses/parasitology; Host-Parasite Relations; Male; Parity; Population Density; Rabbits/parasitology |
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A population of adult Anopheles freeborni near Sheridan, CA was sampled daily during 13 August-7 September 1984. Data on abundance, trophic status, and gonotrophic age were recorded. Abundance and gonotrophic age data were analyzed to estimate daily survivorship and gonotrophic cycle length. Daily survivorship for unfed mosquitoes was estimated to be 0.72 with a gonotrophic cycle of 6 days duration. Daily survivorship for bloodfed mosquitoes was estimated to be 0.74 with a gonotrophic cycle of 4 days. The 2 day difference in gonotrophic cycles between unfed and bloodfed mosquitoes was the result of the period required for maturation and mating of teneral females. In 1986, an incage release of field-collected females estimated survivorship at 0.75 per day. Precipitin tests of 1,338 blood-engorged mosquito abdomens indicated that bovids, horses, rabbits, and canids comprised 92% of bloodmeals; no bloodmeals of human origin were detected. |
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Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis |
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English |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:2774063 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2673 |
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