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| Author |
Kokko, H.; Lopez-Sepulcre, A. |
| Title |
The ecogenetic link between demography and evolution: can we bridge the gap between theory and data? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Ecology Letters |
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| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
773-782 |
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Abstract Calls to understand the links between ecology and evolution have been common for decades. Population dynamics, i.e. the demographic changes in populations, arise from life history decisions of individuals and thus are a product of selection, and selection, on the contrary, can be modified by such dynamical properties of the population as density and stability. It follows that generating predictions and testing them correctly requires considering this ecogenetic feedback loop whenever traits have demographic consequences, mediated via density dependence (or frequency dependence). This is not an easy challenge, and arguably theory has advanced at a greater pace than empirical research. However, theory would benefit from more interaction between related fields, as is evident in the many near-synonymous names that the ecogenetic loop has attracted. We also list encouraging examples where empiricists have shown feasible ways of addressing the question, ranging from advanced data analysis to experiments and comparative analyses of phylogenetic data. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4226 |
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| Author |
McNaughton, S. J.; Georgiadis, N.J. |
| Title |
Ecology of African Grazing and Browsing Mammals |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |
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17 |
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39-66 |
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INTRODUCTION Africa is the earth's second largest continent, comprising 20% of its surface. Largely tropical, Africa extends as well into temperate zones to 37 N and 35 S. Eastern and southern Africa display steep elevation gradients due to the prevalence there of volcanic orogeny and rifting (29). Local landscapes are distinguished by substantial geological heterogeneity, dissected land forms, and resultant steep gradients of precipitation and vegetation. The consequent pronounced fragnientation of habitats and sharp juxtaposition of distinct vegetation types, combined with climatic oscillations in geological time, contributed to major adaptive radiations of the mammalian fauna (102, 120). Early zoological expeditions recorded that habitat fragmentation and wide spatial variation of animal densities and diversities were distinctive features of African ecosystems (92, 138, 162, 226). Those early records provided the bases of natural history information on animal distributions, habitat preferences, feeding habits, and general ecology; scientific research followed only much later (201). Modem scientific study of African savanna-grassland mammals began in the 1950s (23, 24, 107, 108, 148, 149, 197,203, 204, 210,230), long after the distributions and densities of the major game animals had been affected by growing human populations, colonial land and hunting policies, and virulent exotic diseases that affected the animals both directly and indirectly (57). The mammalian fauna has been increasingly isolated and fragmented within game reserves of varying size, habitat diversity, and animal species diversity; the ability to sustain it in the absence of active management is increasingly questioned (112, 187). For species with population sizes greater than 100 individuals, game reserve area (A) and faunal ... |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4255 |
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| Author |
Giraldeau, Luc-Alain |
| Title |
The ecology of information use |
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Book Chapter |
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1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural ecology : an evolutionary approach |
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Blackwell Science |
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Cambridge, Mass. |
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Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B. |
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0865427313 9780865427310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 35114973 |
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4277 |
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| Author |
Krueger, K. |
| Title |
Social Ecology of Horses |
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Book Chapter |
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2008 |
Publication |
Ecology of Social Evolution |
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195-206 |
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Horses (Equidae ) are believed to clearly demonstrate the links between ecology and social organization. Their social cognitive abilities enable them to succeed in many different environments, including those provided for them by humans, or the ones domestic horses encounter when escaping from their human care takers. Living in groups takes different shapes in equids. Their aggregation and group cohesion can be explained by Hamilton“s selfish herd theory. However, when an individual joins and to which group it joins appears to be an active individual decision depending on predation pressure, intra group harassment and resource availability. The latest research concerning the social knowledge horses display in eavesdropping experiments affirms the need for an extension of simple herd concepts in horses for a cognitive component. Horses obviously realize the social composition of their group and determine their own position in it. The horses exceedingly flexible social behavior demands for explanations about the cognitive mechanisms, which allow them to make individual decisions. ”Ecology conditions like those that favour the evolution of open behavioural programs sometimes also favour the evolution of the beginnings of consciousness, by favouring conscious choice. Or in other words, consciousness originates with the choice that are left open by open behavioural programs." Popper (1977) |
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Springer Verlag |
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Heidelberg |
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j. Korb and J. Heinze |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4387 |
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| Author |
Janis, C. |
| Title |
An Evolutionary History of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates |
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Book Chapter |
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2007 |
Publication |
The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing |
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21-45 |
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Browsing (i.e., eating woody and non-woody dicotyledonous plants) and grazing (i.e., eating grass) are distinctively different types of feeding behaviour among ungulates today. Ungulates with different diets have different morphologies (both craniodental ones and in aspects of the digestive system) and physiologies, although some of these differences are merely related to body size, as grazers are usually larger than browsers. There is also a difference in the foraging behaviour in terms of the relationship between resource abundance and intake rate, which is linear in browsers but asymptotic in grazers. The spatial distribution of the food resource is also different for the different types of herbage, browse being more patchily distributed than grass, and thus browsers and grazers are likely to have a very different perception of food resources in any given ecosystem (see Gordon 2003, for review). |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4392 |
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Barton, R. |
| Title |
The evolutionary ecolgy of the primate brain |
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Book Chapter |
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2002 |
Publication |
Comparative Primate Socioecology |
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167-204 |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge |
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Lee, P. C. |
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ISBN-13: 9780521004244 | ISBN-10: 0521004241 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5450 |
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Bruns, A.; Waltert, M.; Khorozyan, I. |
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The effectiveness of livestock protection measures against wolves (Canis lupus) and implications for their co-existence with humans |
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Journal Article |
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2020 |
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Global Ecology and Conservation |
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21 |
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e00868 |
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Carnivore; Depredation; Efficiency; Germany; Intervention; Predator |
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Wolves (Canis lupus) can kill domestic livestock resulting in intense conflicts with humans. Damage to livestock should be reduced to facilitate human-wolf coexistence and ensure positive outcomes of conservation efforts. Current knowledge on the effectiveness of livestock protection measures from wolves is limited and scattered in the literature. In this study, we compiled a dataset of 30 cases describing the application of 11 measures of protecting cattle and smaller livestock against wolves, estimated their effectiveness as a relative risk of damage, and identified the best measures for damage reduction. We found that: (1) lethal control and translocation were less effective than other measures, (2) deterrents, especially fladry which is a fence with ropes marked by hanging colored flags that sway in the wind and provide a visual warning signal, were more effective than guarding dogs; (3) deterrents, fencing, calving control and herding were very effective, but the last two measures included only one case each; and (4) protection of cattle was more effective than that of small stock (sheep and goats, or sheep only) and mixed cattle and small stock. In all of these cases, the relative risk of damage was reduced by 50-100%. Considering Germany as an example of a country with a recovering wolf population and escalating human-wolf conflicts, we suggest electric fences and electrified fladry as the most promising measures, which under suitable conditions can be accompanied by well-trained livestock guarding dogs, and the temporary use of deterrents during critical periods such as calving and lambing seasons. Further research in this field is of paramount importance to efficiently mitigate human-wolf conflicts. |
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2351-9894 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6641 |
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Bergmüller, R.; Taborsky, M. |
| Title |
Animal personality due to social niche specialisation |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
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25 |
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9 |
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504-511 |
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The existence of 'animal personality', i.e. consistent individual differences in behaviour across time and contexts, is an evolutionary puzzle that has recently generated considerable research interest. Although social factors are generally considered to be important, it is as yet unclear how they might select for personality. Drawing from ecological niche theory, we explore how social conflict and alternative social options can be key factors in the evolution and development of consistent individual differences in behaviour. We discuss how animal personality research might benefit from insights into the study of alternative tactics and illustrate how selection can favour behavioural diversification and consistency due to fitness benefits resulting from conflict reduction among social partners. |
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0169-5347 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6646 |
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| Author |
Hunt, G.R.; Gray R.D.; Taylor, A.H. |
| Title |
Why is tool use rare in animals? |
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Book Whole |
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2013 |
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Tool Use in Animals: Cognition and Ecology |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge, MA. |
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anz C, Call J, Boesch C |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6658 |
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Kahurananga, J.; Silkiluwasha, F. |
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The migration of zebra and wildebeest between Tarangire National Park and Simanjiro Plains, northern Tanzania, in 1972 and recent trends |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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African Journal of Ecology |
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Afr J Ecol |
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35 |
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3 |
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179-185 |
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In 1972, four aerial censuses were carried out to assess the annual migration of zebra and wildebeest between Tarangire National Park and Simanjiro Plains. About 6000 zebra and 10,000 wildebeest were in the Plains in the middle of the rainy season, in April. During the dry season in August the animals were concentrated in the Park. The migration from the Park to the Plains started at beginning of the rains, in November/December. Recent censuses by Tanzania Wildlife Conservation Monitoring (TWCM, 1991, 1995) indicate that an estimated 23,000 zebra and 11,000 wildebeest migrate into the Park from Simanjiro and other wet season areas. Encroaching cultivation is a threat to the migration corridors and sustainability of the ecosystem . Providing benefits from wildlife to communities around the park would safeguard the future of the wildlife. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Kahurananga1997 |
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2312 |
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