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Author |
Overli, O.; Sorensen, C.; Pulman, K.G.T.; Pottinger, T.G.; Korzan, W.; Summers, C.H.; Nilsson, G.E. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Evolutionary background for stress-coping styles: relationships between physiological, behavioral, and cognitive traits in non-mammalian vertebrates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
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31 |
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3 |
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396-412 |
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Adaptation, Psychological/*physiology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Biogenic Monoamines/physiology; Brain/physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Evolution; Glucocorticoids/*physiology; Individuality; Lizards; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Social Dominance; Stress, Psychological/*psychology |
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Reactions to stress vary between individuals, and physiological and behavioral responses tend to be associated in distinct suites of correlated traits, often termed stress-coping styles. In mammals, individuals exhibiting divergent stress-coping styles also appear to exhibit intrinsic differences in cognitive processing. A connection between physiology, behavior, and cognition was also recently demonstrated in strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) selected for consistently high or low cortisol responses to stress. The low-responsive (LR) strain display longer retention of a conditioned response, and tend to show proactive behaviors such as enhanced aggression, social dominance, and rapid resumption of feed intake after stress. Differences in brain monoamine neurochemistry have also been reported in these lines. In comparative studies, experiments with the lizard Anolis carolinensis reveal connections between monoaminergic activity in limbic structures, proactive behavior in novel environments, and the establishment of social status via agonistic behavior. Together these observations suggest that within-species diversity of physiological, behavioral and cognitive correlates of stress responsiveness is maintained by natural selection throughout the vertebrate sub-phylum. |
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Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 As, Norway. oyvind.overli@umb.no |
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0149-7634 |
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PMID:17182101 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2801 |
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Branchi, I.; Bichler, Z.; Berger-Sweeney, J.; Ricceri, L. |
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Title |
Animal models of mental retardation: from gene to cognitive function |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
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27 |
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1-2 |
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141-153 |
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Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified/growth & development; Behavior/physiology; Behavior, Animal; Brain/*growth & development; Cognition/*physiology; *Disease Models, Animal; Environment; Genes; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/physiopathology; Humans; Mental Retardation/classification/*genetics/*physiopathology |
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About 2-3% of all children are affected by mental retardation, and genetic conditions rank among the leading causes of mental retardation. Alterations in the information encoded by genes that regulate critical steps of brain development can disrupt the normal course of development, and have profound consequences on mental processes. Genetically modified mouse models have helped to elucidate the contribution of specific gene alterations and gene-environment interactions to the phenotype of several forms of mental retardation. Mouse models of several neurodevelopmental pathologies, such as Down and Rett syndromes and X-linked forms of mental retardation, have been developed. Because behavior is the ultimate output of brain, behavioral phenotyping of these models provides functional information that may not be detectable using molecular, cellular or histological evaluations. In particular, the study of ontogeny of behavior is recommended in mouse models of disorders having a developmental onset. Identifying the role of specific genes in neuropathologies provides a framework in which to understand key stages of human brain development, and provides a target for potential therapeutic intervention. |
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Section of Behavioural Pathophysiology, Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia di Organo e di Sistema, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy. branchi@iss.it |
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0149-7634 |
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PMID:12732230 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2805 |
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Whiten, A. |
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Social complexity and social intelligence |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Novartis Foundation Symposium |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Novartis Found Symp |
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233 |
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185-96; discussion 196-201 |
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Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Humans; *Intelligence/physiology; Learning; Models, Psychological; Primates; *Social Behavior; Social Problems |
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When we talk of the 'nature of intelligence', or any other attribute, we may be referring to its essential structure, or to its place in nature, particularly the function it has evolved to serve. Here I examine both, from the perspective of the evolution of intelligence in primates. Over the last 20 years, the Social (or 'Machiavellian') Intelligence Hypothesis has gained empirical support. Its core claim is that the intelligence of primates is primarily an adaptation to the special complexities of primate social life. In addition to this hypothesis about the function of intellect, a secondary claim is that the very structure of intelligence has been moulded to be 'social' in character, an idea that presents a challenge to orthodox views of intelligence as a general-purpose capacity. I shall outline the principal components of social intelligence and the environment of social complexity it engages with. This raises the question of whether domain specificity is an appropriate characterization of social intelligence and its subcomponents, like theory of mind. As a counter-argument to such specificity I consider the hypothesis that great apes exhibit a cluster of advanced cognitive abilities that rest on a shared capacity for second-order mental representation. |
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School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JU, UK |
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1528-2511 |
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PMID:11276903 |
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2084 |
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Dvoinos, G.M.; Kharchenko, V.A.; Zviagnitsova, N.S. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
The characteristics of the helminth community in the Turkmen kulan (Equus hemionus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Parazitologiia |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Parazitologiia |
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26 |
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3 |
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246-251 |
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Animals; Female; Helminthiasis/parasitology; Helminthiasis, Animal; Helminths/classification/*isolation & purification; Male; Perissodactyla/*parasitology; Turkmenistan; Ukraine |
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The helminth fauna of 24 kulans from Askaniya-Nova and Badkhyz was studied. 42 species of helminths were found, 34 of which belong to strongylids. The helminth species composition of kulan is similar to that of other species of horses. This is a result of an intensive parasite exchange in the historical past when numerous populations of different Equidae species made long seasonal migrations over steppe inter-river lands of Asia and grazed for some time on common pastures. |
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Russian |
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K kharakteristike soobshchestva gel'mintov turkmenskogo kulana (Equus hemionus) |
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0031-1847 |
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PMID:1408368 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2285 |
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Author |
Choleris, E.; Kavaliers, M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Social Learning in Animals: Sex Differences and Neurobiological Analysis |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
Publication |
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. |
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64 |
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4 |
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767-776 |
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Observational learning; Social learning; Individual learning; Imitation; Social constraints; Social facilitation; male-female differences; Gender differences |
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Social learning where an “individual's behavior is influenced by observation of, or interaction with, another animal or its products” has been extensively documented in a broad variety of species, including humans. Social learning occurs within the complex framework of an animal's social interactions that are markedly affected by factors such as dominance hierarchies, family bonds, age, and sex of the interacting individuals. Moreover, it is clear that social learning is influenced not only by important sexually dimorphic social constraints but also that it involves attention, motivational, and perceptual mechanisms, all of which exhibit substantial male-female differences. Although sex differences have been demonstrated in a wide range of cognitive and behavioral processes, investigations of male-female differences in social learning and its neurobiological substrates have been largely neglected. As such, sex differences in social learning and its neurobiological substrates merit increased attention. This review briefly considers various aspects of the study of social learning in mammals, and indicates where male-female differences have either been described, neglected and, or could have a potential impact. It also describes the results of neurobiological investigations of social learning and considers the relevance of these findings to other sexually dimorphic cognitive processes. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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575 |
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Author |
Holekamp, K.E.; Sakai, S.T.; Lundrigan, B.L. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Social intelligence in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
Publication |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
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Volume |
362 |
Issue |
1480 |
Pages |
523-538 |
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Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Brain/*anatomy & histology; Cercopithecinae/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Decision Making/physiology; Hyaenidae/anatomy & histology/*physiology; *Intelligence; *Recognition (Psychology); *Social Behavior; Species Specificity |
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If the large brains and great intelligence characteristic of primates were favoured by selection pressures associated with life in complex societies, then cognitive abilities and nervous systems with primate-like attributes should have evolved convergently in non-primate mammals living in large, elaborate societies in which social dexterity enhances individual fitness. The societies of spotted hyenas are remarkably like those of cercopithecine primates with respect to size, structure and patterns of competition and cooperation. These similarities set an ideal stage for comparative analysis of social intelligence and nervous system organization. As in cercopithecine primates, spotted hyenas use multiple sensory modalities to recognize their kin and other conspecifics as individuals, they recognize third-party kin and rank relationships among their clan mates, and they use this knowledge adaptively during social decision making. However, hyenas appear to rely more intensively than primates on social facilitation and simple rules of thumb in social decision making. No evidence to date suggests that hyenas are capable of true imitation. Finally, it appears that the gross anatomy of the brain in spotted hyenas might resemble that in primates with respect to expansion of frontal cortex, presumed to be involved in the mediation of social behaviour. |
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Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. holekamp@msu.edu |
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0962-8436 |
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PMID:17289649 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4719 |
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Author |
Barrett, L.; Henzi, P. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
The social nature of primate cognition |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
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Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Proc Biol Sci |
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272 |
Issue |
1575 |
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1865-1875 |
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Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; *Evolution; Intelligence/*physiology; Primates/*physiology; *Social Behavior |
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The hypothesis that the enlarged brain size of the primates was selected for by social, rather than purely ecological, factors has been strongly influential in studies of primate cognition and behaviour over the past two decades. However, the Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis, also known as the social brain hypothesis, tends to emphasize certain traits and behaviours, like exploitation and deception, at the expense of others, such as tolerance and behavioural coordination, and therefore presents only one view of how social life may shape cognition. This review outlines work from other relevant disciplines, including evolutionary economics, cognitive science and neurophysiology, to illustrate how these can be used to build a more general theoretical framework, incorporating notions of embodied and distributed cognition, in which to situate questions concerning the evolution of primate social cognition. |
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School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. louiseb@liv.ac.uk |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:16191591 |
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no |
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2086 |
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Author |
Joffe, T.H.; Dunbar, R.I. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Visual and socio-cognitive information processing in primate brain evolution |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Proc Biol Sci |
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264 |
Issue |
1386 |
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1303-1307 |
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Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Cognition/physiology; *Evolution; Geniculate Bodies/anatomy & histology/physiology; Humans; Mental Processes/physiology; Neocortex/physiology; Primates/anatomy & histology/*physiology/*psychology; *Social Behavior; Visual Cortex/anatomy & histology/physiology |
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Social group size has been shown to correlate with neocortex size in primates. Here we use comparative analyses to show that social group size is independently correlated with the size of non-V1 neocortical areas, but not with other more proximate components of the visual system or with brain systems associated with emotional cueing (e.g. the amygdala). We argue that visual brain components serve as a social information 'input device' for socio-visual stimuli such as facial expressions, bodily gestures and visual status markers, while the non-visual neocortex serves as a 'processing device' whereby these social cues are encoded, interpreted and associated with stored information. However, the second appears to have greater overall importance because the size of the V1 visual area appears to reach an asymptotic size beyond which visual acuity and pattern recognition may not improve significantly. This is especially true of the great ape clade (including humans), that is known to use more sophisticated social cognitive strategies. |
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School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:9332015 |
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2095 |
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Author |
Shultz, S.; Dunbar, R.I.M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Both social and ecological factors predict ungulate brain size |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Proc Biol Sci |
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273 |
Issue |
1583 |
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207-215 |
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Animals; Artiodactyla/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; Brain/*anatomy & histology/physiology; *Ecosystem; Organ Size; Perissodactyla/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; *Social Behavior |
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Among mammals, the members of some Orders have relatively large brains. Alternative explanations for this have emphasized either social or ecological selection pressures favouring greater information-processing capacities, including large group size, greater foraging efficiency, higher innovation rates, better invasion success and complex problem solving. However, the focal taxa for these analyses (primates, carnivores and birds) often show both varied ecological competence and social complexity. Here, we focus on the specific relationship between social complexity and brain size in ungulates, a group with relatively simple patterns of resource use, but extremely varied social behaviours. The statistical approach we used, phylogenetic generalized least squares, showed that relative brain size was independently associated with sociality and social complexity as well as with habitat use, while relative neocortex size is associated with social but not ecological factors. A simple index of sociality was a better predictor of both total brain and neocortex size than group size, which may indicate that the cognitive demands of sociality depend on the nature of social relationships as well as the total number of individuals in a group. |
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School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. susanne.shultz@liv.ac.uk |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:16555789 |
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2098 |
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Garamszegi, L.Z.; Møller, A.P.; Erritzøe, J. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Coevolving avian eye size and brain size in relation to prey capture and nocturnality |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal ![sorted by Abbreviated Journal field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Proc Roy Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
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269 |
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1494 |
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961-967 |
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adaptation; behaviour; brain size; coevolution; eye size; vision |
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Behavioural adaptation to ecological conditions can lead to brain size evolution. Structures involved in behavioural visual information processing are expected to coevolve with enlargement of the brain. Because birds are mainly vision–oriented animals, we tested the predictions that adaptation to different foraging constraints can result in eye size evolution, and that species with large eyes have evolved large brains to cope with the increased amount of visual input. Using a comparative approach, we investigated the relationship between eye size and brain size, and the effect of prey capture technique and nocturnality on these traits. After controlling for allometric effects, there was a significant, positive correlation between relative brain size and relative eye size. Variation in relative eye and brain size were significantly and positively related to prey capture technique and nocturnality when a potentially confounding variable, aquatic feeding, was controlled statistically in multiple regression of independent linear contrasts. Applying a less robust, brunching approach, these patterns also emerged, with the exception that relative brain size did not vary with prey capture technique. Our findings suggest that relative eye size and brain size have coevolved in birds in response to nocturnal activity and, at least partly, to capture of mobile prey. |
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10.1098/rspb.2002.1967 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5452 |
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