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Tooze, Z. J., Harrington, F. H., & Fentress, J. C. (1990). Individually distinct vocalizations in timber wolves, Canis lupus. Anim Behav, 40.
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Cheney D.L., & Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). How monkeys see the world: Inside the mind of another species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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Klingel, H. (1990). Kalameili – future home of the Przewalski horse? In S. Seifert (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on the Preservation of the Przewalski Horse, Leipzig (pp. 221–224). Leipzig: Zoolog Garten.
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Rau R.E.,. (1990). Bring back the quagga.
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Schilder, M. B. H. (1990). Social behaviour and social arganization of a herd of plains zebra in a safari park. Ph.D. thesis, , University of Utrecht.
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Würbel, H. (1990). The relationship between social structure and mating system in donkeys & Mating strategies of male donkeys in a promiscuous mating system"l structure and mating system in donkeys &. Diploma thesis, , Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Berne, Switzerland.
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Dublin, H. T., Sinclair, A. R. E., Boutin, S., Anderson, E., Jago, M., & Arcese, P. (1990). Does competition regulate ungulate populations? Further evidence from Serengeti, Tanzania. Oecologia, 82(2), 283–288.
Abstract: Changes in populations of several ungulate species in the Serengeti-Mara region of East Africa over the past 30 years suggest several hypotheses for their regulation and coexistence. Recent censuses in the 1980s have allowed us to test the hypotheses that: (1) there was competition between wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsoni). This predicted that gazelle numbers should have declined in the 1980s when wildebeest were food limited. Census figures show no change in gazelle numbers between 1978 and 1986, a result contrary to the interspecific competition hypothesis; (2) wildebeest and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations were regulated by intraspecific competition for food. Since both populations reached food limitation in the 1970s, the hypothesis predicted that the populations should have been stable in the 1980s. The results confirm these predictions for wildebeest and the buffalo population in the Mara reserve. In the Serengeti the buffalo population declined 41% over the period 1976-1984. The decline was not evenly distributed over the park, some areas showing an 80-90% decline, others no change or an increase in numbers. The decline was associated with proximity to human habitation; (3) an outbreak of the viral disease, rinderpest, in 1982 may have been the cause of the drop in buffalo population. Blood serum samples to measure the prevalence of antibodies were collected from areas of decreasing, stable and increasing populations. If rinderpest was the cause of decrease there should be a negative relationship between the prevalence of rinderpest and the instantaneous rate of increase (r). The results showed no relationship. We conclude that rinderpest was not the major cause of the drop in buffalo numbers. Elephant (Loxodonta africana) numbers dropped 81% in Serengeti in the period 1977-1986. In the Mara there was little change. The evidence suggests that extensive poaching in northern and western Serengeti during 1979-1984 accounted for the drop in both elephant and buffalo numbers.
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Charles T. Snowdon,. (1990). Language capacities of nonhuman animals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 33(S11), 215–243.
Abstract: In the last two decades, the study of language parallels in nonhuman animals has generated considerable controversy and excitement. Many have perceived demonstrations of linguistic skills in nonhuman animals as a threat to human uniqueness, whereas others have been uncritical of claims for complex cognitive skills in animals. Two different paradigms for studying linguistic parallels have appeared. One approach teaches great apes linguistic analogues of human language using signs or arbitrary symbol systems; the other seeks to decode communicative complexity in the natural languages of nonhuman animals. This paper reviews the language analogue studies with great apes and cetaceans, examining the utility of the different methods and reviewing the animals' accomplishments. Studies of ontogeny, syntax, referential communication, audience effects, and perception of vocalizations in the natural communication of birds, squirrels, and primates are evaluated. Finally, the brain mechanisms underlying human speech and language are compared with those involved in vocal communication in nonhuman primates. Although chimpanzees and bonobos have accomplished much, they do not threaten human uniqueness with respect to speech and language. Many of the claims for language paralleles in natural communication systems of nonhuman animals are weak, and many can be interpreted without recourse to cognitive constructs. Whereas there exist many similarities between subcortical controls of language and of animal vocalizations, there are no parallels to Broca's and Wernicke's areas in monkeys. However, the critical studies have not been done.
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Tomasello, M. (1990). Cultural transmission in the tool use and communicatory signalling of chimpanzees? In S. T. Parker, & K. R. Gibson (Eds.), Language and Intelligence in Monkeys and Apes. (pp. 274–311). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Wittling, W. (1990). Psychophysiological correlates of human brain asymmetry: Blood pressure changes during lateralized presentation of an emotionally laden film. Neuropsychologia, 28(5), 457–470.
Abstract: Fifty adult subjects were shown an emotionally positive film either in their left or right hemisphere by means of a technique for lateralizing visual input that allows prolonged viewing while permitting free ocular scanning. It was found that the cerebral hemispheres markedly differ in their capability to regulate blood pressure during emotionally laden situations of a distinctly positive nature. Right-hemispheric film presentation caused a significantly higher increase in systolic and diastolic pressure that left-hemispheric viewing of the same film. Moreover, hemisphere asymmetries were further increased if lateralized stimulus presentation and the lateralized carrying out of a stimulus-related response were combined within the same hemisphere, thereby enhancing unilateral processing. Finally, males and females clearly differed with respect to interhemispheric regulation of blood pressure.
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