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Author Krueger, K. doi  openurl
  Title Social Ecology of Horses Type Book Chapter
  Year 2008 Publication Ecology of Social Evolution Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume Issue Pages 195-206  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Horses (Equidae ) are believed to clearly demonstrate the links between ecology and social organization. Their social cognitive abilities enable them to succeed in many different environments, including those provided for them by humans, or the ones domestic horses encounter when escaping from their human care takers. Living in groups takes different shapes in equids. Their aggregation and group cohesion can be explained by Hamilton“s selfish herd theory. However, when an individual joins and to which group it joins appears to be an active individual decision depending on predation pressure, intra group harassment and resource availability. The latest research concerning the social knowledge horses display in eavesdropping experiments affirms the need for an extension of simple herd concepts in horses for a cognitive component. Horses obviously realize the social composition of their group and determine their own position in it. The horses exceedingly flexible social behavior demands for explanations about the cognitive mechanisms, which allow them to make individual decisions. ”Ecology conditions like those that favour the evolution of open behavioural programs sometimes also favour the evolution of the beginnings of consciousness, by favouring conscious choice. Or in other words, consciousness originates with the choice that are left open by open behavioural programs." Popper (1977)  
  Address  
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  Publisher Springer Verlag Place of Publication Heidelberg Editor j. Korb and J. Heinze  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4387  
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Author Beck, B.B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Chimpocentrism: Bias in cognitive ethology Type Journal Article
  Year 1982 Publication Journal of Human Evolution Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume 11 Issue 1 Pages 3-17  
  Keywords herring gull; chimpanzee; cognition; tool-use; shell-dropping; mollusk; predation  
  Abstract Herring gulls drop hard-shelled mollusks and hermit crab-inhabited molluskan prey in order to break the shells and gain access to the edible interior. A field study of predatory shell dropping on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. showed that the gulls usually drop the same shell repeatedly, orient directly to dropping sites that are invisible from the point at which the mollusks are captured, drop preferentially on hard surfaces, adjust dropping heights to suit the area and elasticity of the substrate, orient directly into the wind while dropping, sever the large defensive cheliped of hermit crabs before consumption, and rinse prey that is difficult to swallow. Proficiency in prey dropping is acquired through dropping objects in play, trial-and-error learning, and perhaps, observation learning.

Observable attributes of predatory shell-dropping support inferences that the gulls are capable of extended concentration, purposefulness, mental representation of spatially and temporally displaced environmental features, cognitive mapping, cognitive modeling, selectivity, and strategy formation. Identical cognitive processes have been inferred to underlie the most sophisticated forms of chimpanzee tool-use.

Advanced cognitive capacities are not restricted to chimpanzees and other pongids, and are not associated uniquely with tool use. The chimpocentric bias should be abandoned, and reconstructions of the evolution of intelligence should be modified accordingly.
 
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4414  
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Author Pérez-Barbería, F.J.; Shultz, S.; Dunbar, R.I.M.; Janis, C. doi  openurl
  Title Evidence For Coevolution Of Sociality And Relative Brain Size In Three Orders Of Mammals Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Evolution Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 2811-2821  
  Keywords Brain size, carnivores, coevolution, primates, sociality, ungulates  
  Abstract Abstract

As the brain is responsible for managing an individual's behavioral response to its environment, we should expect that large relative brain size is an evolutionary response to cognitively challenging behaviors. The “social brain hypothesis†argues that maintaining group cohesion is cognitively demanding as individuals living in groups need to be able to resolve conflicts that impact on their ability to meet resource requirements. If sociality does impose cognitive demands, we expect changes in relative brain size and sociality to be coupled over evolutionary time. In this study, we analyze data on sociality and relative brain size for 206 species of ungulates, carnivores, and primates and provide, for the first time, evidence that changes in sociality and relative brain size are closely correlated over evolutionary time for all three mammalian orders. This suggests a process of coevolution and provides support for the social brain theory. However, differences between taxonomic orders in the stability of the transition between small-brained/nonsocial and large-brained/social imply that, although sociality is cognitively demanding, sociality and relative brain size can become decoupled in some cases. Carnivores seem to have been especially prone to this.
 
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  Notes doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00229.x Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4781  
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Author Herbert Gintis; Samuel Bowles; Robert Boyd; Ernst Fehr url  doi
openurl 
  Title Explaining altruistic behavior in humans Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Evolution and Human Behaviour Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 153-172  
  Keywords Altruism; Reciprocity; Experimental games; Evolution of cooperation  
  Abstract Recent experimental research has revealed forms of human behavior involving interaction among unrelated individuals that have proven difficult to explain in terms of kin or reciprocal altruism. One such trait, strong reciprocity is a predisposition to cooperate with others and to punish those who violate the norms of cooperation, at personal cost, even when it is implausible to expect that these costs will be repaid. We present evidence supporting strong reciprocity as a schema for predicting and understanding altruism in humans. We show that under conditions plausibly characteristic of the early stages of human evolution, a small number of strong reciprocators could invade a population of self-regarding types, and strong reciprocity is an evolutionary stable strategy. Although most of the evidence we report is based on behavioral experiments, the same behaviors are regularly described in everyday life, for example, in wage setting by firms, tax compliance, and cooperation in the protection of local environmental public goods.  
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  ISSN 1090-5138 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1090-5138(02)00157-5 Serial 4943  
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Author Bergmüller, R. openurl 
  Title Animal Personality and Behavioural Syndromes Type Book Chapter
  Year 2010 Publication Animal Behaviour – Evolution and Mechanisms Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume Issue Pages 587-621  
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  Publisher Springer Place of Publication Heidelberg Editor Kappeler, P.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5179  
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Author van Schaik, C.P. doi  isbn
openurl 
  Title Social learning and culture in animals Type Book Chapter
  Year 2010 Publication Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume Issue Pages 623-653  
  Keywords Life Sciences  
  Abstract Most animals must learn some of the behaviours in their repertoire, and some must learn most. Although learning is often thought of as an individual exercise, in nature much learning is social, i.e. under the influence of conspecifics. Social learners acquire novel information or skills faster and at lower cost, but risk learning false information or useless skills. Social learning can be divided into learning from social information and learning through social interaction. Different species have different mechanisms of learning from social information, ranging from selective attention to the environment due to the presence of others to copying of complete motor sequences. In vertical (or oblique) social learning, naïve individuals often learn skills or knowledge from parents (or other adults), whereas horizontal social learning is from peers, either immatures or adults, and more often concerns eavesdropping and public information use. Because vertical social learning is often adaptive, maturing individuals often have a preference for it over individual exploration. The more cognitively demanding social learning abilities probably evolved in this context, in lineages where offspring show long association with parents and niches are complex. Because horizontal learning can be maladaptive, especially when perishable information has become outdated, animals must decide when to deploy social learning. Social learning of novel skills can lead to distinct traditions or cultures when the innovations are sufficiently rare and effectively transmitted socially. Animal cultures may be common but to date taxonomic coverage is insufficient to know how common. Cultural evolution is potentially powerful, but largely confined to humans, for reasons currently unknown. A general theory of culture is therefore badly needed.  
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  Publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg Place of Publication Editor Kappeler, P.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 978-3-642-02624-9 Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5268  
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Author Kerth, G. doi  isbn
openurl 
  Title Group decision-making in animal societies Type Book Chapter
  Year 2010 Publication Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume Issue Pages 241-265  
  Keywords Life Sciences  
  Abstract Individuals need to coordinate their activities to benefit from group living. Thus group decisions are essential for societies, especially if group members cooperate with each other. Models show that shared (democratic) decisions outperform unshared (despotic) decisions, even if individuals disagree about actions. This is surprising as in most other contexts, differences in individual preferences lead to sex-, age-, or kin-specific behaviour. Empirical studies testing the predictions of the theoretical models have only recently begun to emerge. This applies particularly to group decisions in fission-fusion societies, where individuals can avoid decisions that are not in their interest. After outlining the basic ideas and theoretical models on group decision-making I focus on the available empirical studies. Originally most of the relevant studies have been on social insects and fish but recently an increasing number of studies on mammals and birds have been published, including some that deal with wild long-lived animals living in complex societies. This includes societies where group members have different interests, as in most mammals, and which have been less studied compared to eusocial insects that normally have no conflict among their colony members about what to do. I investigate whether the same decision rules apply in societies with conflict and without conflict, and outline open questions that remain to be studied. The chapter concludes with a synthesis on what is known about group decision-making in animals and an outlook on what I think should be done to answer the open questions.  
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  Publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg Place of Publication Editor Kappeler, P.  
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  ISSN ISBN 978-3-642-02624-9 Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5381  
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Author Parrish, J. K.; Viscido, S. V. openurl 
  Title Traffic rules of fish schools: A review of agent-based approaches. Type Book Chapter
  Year 2005 Publication Self-organisation and the evolution of social behaviour. Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume Issue Pages 50-80  
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  Publisher Cambridge University Press Place of Publication Cambridge Editor C. K. Hemelrijk  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5419  
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Author Pérez-Barbería, F.J.; Shultz, S.; Dunbar, R.I. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Evidence for coevolution of sociality and relative brain size in three orders of mammals Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Evolution Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume 61 Issue Pages  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Pérez-Barbería2007 Serial 6221  
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Author Kruska, D. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Mammalian domestication and its effect on brain structure and behavior Type Book Chapter
  Year 1988 Publication Intelligence and Evolutionary Biology Abbreviated Journal (up)  
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  Publisher Springer-Verlag Place of Publication New York Editor Jerison, H.J.; Jerison, I.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Kruska1988 Serial 6232  
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