Evans, D. (2002). Welfare of the Racehorse During Exercise Training and Racing. In The Welfare of Horses (pp. 181–201).
Abstract: The welfare of horses in training for racing and competition can be compromised by errors of management of many processes. Lameness is usually identified, as the major problem facing horse trainers and high lameness rates in racehorses is a major welfare concern. Recent epidemiological studies have shed light on important environmental risk factors for lameness and catastrophic incidents during training and racing. Another important threat to the welfare of the athletic horse is failure of appropriate preparation of the horse for competition, resulting in earlier fatigue during a race. Fatigue during racing causes sub-optimal performance, increases the likelihood of injury and, in prolonged exercise contributes to exhaustion and even death. Failure to allow appropriate recovery periods after episodes of training and competition also contributes to a state of chronic fatigue. Trainers recognise that affected horses (or “stale” horses) often have mood disturbances and are reluctant to exercise. Continued excessive training and inadequate recovery (termed, over-training) can result in weight loss and poor performance that is not reversed by short-term recovery periods. In events involving prolonged exercise, the performance and welfare of the horse are compromised by inappropriate fluid balance before and during exercise. Failure to properly prepare and maintain fluid balance of endurance horses results in a severe threat to welfare. Pronounced dehydration and hyperthermia can result in exhaustion and death.
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Wilson, R. (2002). Specific Welfare Problems Associated with Working Horses. In The Welfare of Horses (pp. 203–218).
Abstract: A brief review of the history and uses of workhorses is provided as well as numbers and distributions of working equines at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The problems of using the correct harness and correct alignment of horse and equipment through the harness are considered and care of the feet and especially the necessity of correct shoeing for both welfare and maximum work are discussed. The nutritional needs of working equines in terms of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins and the importance of good health and prevention and management of disease, are examined. Relationships between the animal and his owner or handler and some legal aspects of improving welfare are covered and it is concluded that education of these owners/handlers is essential for improving the welfare of working equids in developing countries.
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Chamove, A. S., Crawley-Hartrick, O. J. E., & Stafford, K. J. (2002). Horse reactions to human attitudes and behavior. Anthrozoos, 15(4), 323–331.
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Ginther, O. J., Lara, A., Leoni, M., & Bergfelt, D. R. (2002). Herding and snaking by the harem stallion in domestic herds. Theriogenology, 57(8), 2139–2146.
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Walpole, M. J., & Leader-Williams, N. (2002). Tourism and flagship species in conservation. Biodivers Conserv, 11.
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Jedrzejewski, W., Schmidt, K., Theuerkauf, J., Jedrzejewska, B., Selva, N., & Zub, K. (2002). Kill rate and predation by wolves on ungulate populations in Bialowieza primeval forest (Poland). Ecology, 83.
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Gazzola, A., Avanzinelli, E., Mauri, L., Scandura, M., & Apollonio, M. (2002). Temporal changes of howling in south European wolf packs. Ital J Zool, 69.
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Moons, C., Heleski, C. R., Leece, C. M., & Zanella, A. J. (2002). Conflicting Results in the Association Between Plasma and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Foals.
Abstract: Introduction
Glucocorticoids are present in many biological fluids as a free fraction or bound to Corticoid
Binding Globulins (CBG) (Matteri et al, 2000). There are conflicting claims regarding the validity of
saliva as a biological fluid to measure cortisol in horses (Lebelt et al, 1996; McGreevy and Pell, 1998;
van der Kolk et al, 2001). Measuring changes in salivary cortisol levels in normal horses and horses
with Cushing`s disease van der Kolk and collaborators (2001) demonstrated the validity of saliva to
assess adrenal function. Puzzling results were reported by McGreevy and Pell (1998) who suggested
that plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations in horses showing oral stereotypies were correlated
but this association was non-existent in control animals. Investigating the responses of foals to
branding and foot-trimming Zanella et al (unpublished results) were unable to identify a relationship
between plasma and salivary cortisol levels in foals. In several species, levels of cortisol in plasma and
saliva are tightly correlated (Fenske, 1996). Cortisol found in blood consists of a fraction bound to
corticoid binding globulin (CBG) and a free, unbound fraction. Free cortisol represents the
biologically active fraction of this steroid hormone. Salivary cortisol reflects the unbound fraction
found in plasma or serum and it passes readily through the parotid membrane (Riad-Fahmy, 1983;
Horning Walker et al,1977). Unbound steroids transfer rapidly between plasma and saliva
(Walker,1989; Scott et al 1990). Saliva flow-rate does not appear to influence saliva cortisol levels in
different species (Hubert and de Jong-Meyer, 1989; Walker 1989, Scott et a, 1990). In horses, Lebelt
et al (1996) reported that salivary and plasma total cortisol in stallions were correlated. We
hypothesized that changes in salivary cortisol in foals would show a pattern that is correlated to that of
plasma free and plasma total cortisol concentrations in foals. In addition, we anticipated that the lack
of good sampling techniques provides an explanation for the failure in determining the association
between salivary and plasma cortisol in foals.
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Wakeling, E. (2002). Feral Horses of the West.
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Huebener, E. (2002). Schmeichelnder Sitz, atmender Schenkel, flüsternder Zügel.
Abstract: HÜBENER, EBERHARD, Schmeichelnder Sitz, atmender Schenkel,
flüsternder Zügel
Vom feinfühligen, partnerschaftlichen Umgang mit dem Pferd und über Nöte
der bundesdeutschen Reiterei. Mit einem Geleitwort von Dr. Reiner Klimke
2. ergänzte Aufl. Hildesheim 2002. 223 S. mit 63 Abb., davon 3 farbig. Gebunden. Reihe:
(NOVA HIPPOLOGICA.) ISBN: 3-487-08408-2
Dieses Buch beantwortet eine Reihe zentraler Fragen zur Reitlehre und zum
Umgang mit dem Pferd gründlich und leicht verständlich. Es ist daher hilfreich
für alle, die sich am und auf dem Pferd gern helfen lassen. Ob sie nun nur zum
Vergnügen oder mit turniersportlichen Ambitionen reiten. Ob sie lernen oder
lehren.
Der vorliegenden zweiten Auflage ist eine neue Arbeit des Autors beigebunden:
Nachdem eine Video-Analyse seinen “selbsttätigen Schenkel” bestätigt hat, wird
jetzt endlich auch das “Sitz-Rätsel” definitiv gelöst.
Die Video-Technik hat ermöglicht, das Zusammenspiel von Gangart, Bewegungen
von Pferderumpf und -rücken, Sitz des Reiters und Hilfengebung zum Nutzen
des Reiter-Rückgrats, der keineswegs beliebig belastbaren Wirbelsäule des
Pferdes und kultivierten, feinfühligen Reitens zu entschlüsseln.
Reitunterricht kann anders aussehen. Irrwege sind vermeidbar geworden.
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