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| Author | Guo, G.L.; Moffit, J.S.; Nicol, C.J.; Ward, J.M.; Aleksunes, L.A.; Slitt, A.L.; Kliewer, S.A.; Manautou, J.E.; Gonzalez, F.J. | ||||
| Title | Enhanced acetaminophen toxicity by activation of the pregnane X receptor | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology | Abbreviated Journal  |
Toxicol Sci |
| Volume | 82 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 374-380 |
| Keywords | Acetaminophen/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity; Animals; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/biosynthesis; Biotransformation; Blotting, Northern; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/biosynthesis; Pregnenolone Carbonitrile/pharmacology; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/*drug effects; Receptors, Steroid/*drug effects; Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolism | ||||
| Abstract | The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Activation of PXR represents an important mechanism for the induction of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes that can convert acetaminophen (APAP) to its toxic intermediate metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). Therefore, it was hypothesized that activation of PXR plays a major role in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Pretreatment with the PXR activator, pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), markedly enhanced APAP-induced hepatic injury, as revealed by increased serum ALT levels and hepatic centrilobular necrosis, in wild-type but not in PXR-null mice. Further analysis showed that following PCN treatment, PXR-null mice had lower CYP3A11 expression, decreased NAPQI formation, and increased maintenance of hepatic glutathione content compared to wild-type mice. Thus, these results suggest that PXR plays a critical role in APAP-induced hepatic toxicity, probably by inducing CYP3A11 expression and hence increasing bioactivation. | ||||
| Address | Laboratory of Metabolism, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1096-6080 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15456926 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 71 | ||
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| Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
| Title | Die Bewegungen von Pferderumpf und -rücken aus der Sicht des Reiters | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal |
Tierärztl. Umschau |
| Volume | 6 | Issue | Pages | 327-334 | |
| Keywords | Schritt – Trab – Galopp – Schmerz – Schäden | ||||
| Abstract | Die Bewegungen von Rumpf und Rücken des Pferdes in der Fortbewegung bestimmen Sitz und Schenkelhilfen – Grundlagen pferdgerechten und kultivierten, feinfühligen Reitens. In ihrer Tendenz ließen sich diese Bewegungen jetzt aus den Fußfolgen der Grundgangarten ableiten. Die Erkenntnisse sind per Video verifiziert. Mit ihrer Übersetzung in Diagramme wurde versucht, den gegenwärtigen Wissensstand für nicht-reitende Wissenschaftler und denkende Reiter gleichermaßen verständlich darzustellen. Die Akzeptanz des aufbereiteten Wissens in der Reiterei würde verbessert, wenn man zu gemessenen Werten für die Bewegungen des Pferderückens und des Pferderumpfes käme. Plädoyer eines “Nur-Reiters” für einschlägige, universitäre Forschung. | ||||
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 420 | ||
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| Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
| Title | Movements of Trunk and Back of the Horse from a Rider's View | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal |
Tierärztl. Umschau |
| Volume | 6 | Issue | Pages | 327 | |
| Keywords | walk – trot – canter – pain – damages | ||||
| Abstract | The trunk and back movements of the horse during locomotion determine seat position and leg aids of the rider, this is the basis for horse-oriented and cultivated, sensitive riding. In their tendency these movements could now be derived from the foot sequences of the basic paces. The realizations are verified by video. By translating these movements into diagrams, the author is making an attempt to present the current state of knowledge for non-riding scholars and academically oriented riders alike. The acceptance of the prepared riding knowledge would be improved if one could produce measured values of the horse's back and trunk movements. An appeal of a rider for relevant, scholarly research. | ||||
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 437 | ||
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| Author | Sullivan, R.M. | ||||
| Title | Hemispheric Asymmetry in Stress Processing in Rat Prefrontal Cortex and the Role of Mesocortical Dopamine | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Stress | Abbreviated Journal |
Stress |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 131-143 |
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| Abstract | The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is known to play an important role not only in the regulation of emotion, but in the integration of affective states with appropriate modulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine stress regulatory systems. The present review highlights findings in the rat which helps to elucidate the complex nature of prefrontal involvement in emotion and stress regulation. The medial PFC is particularly important in this regard and while dorsomedial regions appear to play a suppressive role in such regulation, the ventromedial (particularly infralimbic) region appears to activate behavioral, neuroendocrine and sympathetic autonomic systems in response to stressful situations. This may be especially true of spontaneous stress-related behavior or physiological responses to relatively acute stressors. The role of the medial PFC is somewhat more complex in conditions involving learned adjustments to stressful situations, such as the extinction of conditioned fear responses, but it is clear that the medial PFC is important in incorporating stressful experience for future adaptive behavior. It is also suggested that mesocortical dopamine plays an important adaptive role in this region by preventing excessive behavioral and physiological stress reactivity. The rat brain shows substantial hemispheric specialization in many respects, and while the right PFC is normally dominant in the activation of stress-related systems, the left may play a role in countering this activation through processes of interhemispheric inhibition. This proposed basic template for the lateralization of stress regulatory systems is suggested to be associated with efficient stress and emotional self-regulation, and also to be shaped by both early postnatal experience and gender differences. |
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| Publisher | Informa Clin Med | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1025-3890 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5356 | ||
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| Author | Bloom, P. | ||||
| Title | Behavior. Can a dog learn a word? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume | 304 | Issue | 5677 | Pages | 1605-1606 |
| Keywords | Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; *Dogs; Humans; *Learning; *Memory; *Vocabulary | ||||
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| Address | Department of Psychology, Yale University, Post Office Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA. paul.bloom@yale.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15192205 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 28 | |||
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| Author | Danchin, E.; Giraldeau, L.-A.; Valone, T.J.; Wagner, R.H. | ||||
| Title | Public information: from nosy neighbors to cultural evolution | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume | 305 | Issue | 5683 | Pages | 487-491 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cues; *Cultural Evolution; *Decision Making; Environment; Evolution; Feeding Behavior; Female; Genes; Humans; Male; Reproduction; Sexual Behavior, Animal | ||||
| Abstract | Psychologists, economists, and advertising moguls have long known that human decision-making is strongly influenced by the behavior of others. A rapidly accumulating body of evidence suggests that the same is true in animals. Individuals can use information arising from cues inadvertently produced by the behavior of other individuals with similar requirements. Many of these cues provide public information about the quality of alternatives. The use of public information is taxonomically widespread and can enhance fitness. Public information can lead to cultural evolution, which we suggest may then affect biological evolution. | ||||
| Address | U.P.M.C. CNRS-UMR7625, Bat A-7e etage-Case 237, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France. edanchin@snv.jussieu.fr | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15273386 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2131 | |||
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| Author | Subiaul, F.; Cantlon, J.F.; Holloway, R.L.; Terrace, H.S. | ||||
| Title | Cognitive imitation in rhesus macaques | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume | 305 | Issue | 5682 | Pages | 407-410 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Cognition; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Macaca mulatta/*physiology/psychology; Male | ||||
| Abstract | Experiments on imitation typically evaluate a student's ability to copy some feature of an expert's motor behavior. Here, we describe a type of observational learning in which a student copies a cognitive rule rather than a specific motor action. Two rhesus macaques were trained to respond, in a prescribed order, to different sets of photographs that were displayed on a touch-sensitive monitor. Because the position of the photographs varied randomly from trial to trial, sequences could not be learned by motor imitation. Both monkeys learned new sequences more rapidly after observing an expert execute those sequences than when they had to learn new sequences entirely by trial and error. | ||||
| Address | Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. subiaul@aol.com | ||||
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| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15256673 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2839 | ||
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| Author | Clayton, N.S. | ||||
| Title | COGNITION: An Open Sandwich or an Open Question? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume | 305 | Issue | 5682 | Pages | 344- |
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| Notes | 10.1126/science.1099512 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2955 | ||
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| Author | Emery, N.J.; Clayton, N.S. | ||||
| Title | The Mentality of Crows: Convergent Evolution of Intelligence in Corvids and Apes | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume | 306 | Issue | 5703 | Pages | 1903-1907 |
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| Abstract | Discussions of the evolution of intelligence have focused on monkeys and apes because of their close evolutionary relationship to humans. Other large-brained social animals, such as corvids, also understand their physical and social worlds. Here we review recent studies of tool manufacture, mental time travel, and social cognition in corvids, and suggest that complex cognition depends on a “tool kit” consisting of causal reasoning, flexibility, imagination, and prospection. Because corvids and apes share these cognitive tools, we argue that complex cognitive abilities evolved multiple times in distantly related species with vastly different brain structures in order to solve similar socioecological problems. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1126/science.1098410 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2959 | ||
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| Author | Kaminski, J.; Call, J.; Fischer, J. | ||||
| Title | Word Learning in a Domestic Dog: Evidence for “Fast Mapping” | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume | 304 | Issue | 5677 | Pages | 1682-1683 |
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| Abstract | During speech acquisition, children form quick and rough hypotheses about the meaning of a new word after only a single exposure--a process dubbed “fast mapping.” Here we provide evidence that a border collie, Rico, is able to fast map. Rico knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those items right away as well as 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Fast mapping thus appears to be mediated by general learning and memory mechanisms also found in other animals and not by a language acquisition device that is special to humans. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1126/science.1097859 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4678 | ||
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