Records |
Author |
Povinelli, D.J.; Vonk, J. |
Title |
Chimpanzee minds: suspiciously human? |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
Volume |
7 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
157-160 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Chimpanzees undoubtedly form concepts related to the statistical regularities in behavior. But do they also construe such abstractions in terms of mental states – that is, do they possess a [`]theory of mind'? Although both anecdotal and experimental data have been marshaled to support this idea, we show that no explanatory power or economy of expression is gained by such an assumption. We suggest that additional experiments will be unhelpful as long as they continue to rely upon determining whether subjects interpret behavioral invariances in terms of mental states. We propose a paradigm shift to overcome this limitation. |
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ISSN |
1364-6613 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4959 |
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Author |
Westerduin, F.E.; Lankveld, D.P.K.; van der Velden, M.A.; Back, W.; Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M.M. |
Title |
[Splenectomy in a dressage pony: end of sports career?] |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde |
Abbreviated Journal |
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd |
Volume |
128 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
406-411 |
Keywords |
Animals; Biopsy/veterinary; Colic/surgery/veterinary; Horse Diseases/pathology/*surgery/ultrasonography; Horses; Laparotomy/veterinary; Male; Splenectomy/*veterinary; Splenomegaly/surgery/ultrasonography/*veterinary; *Sports |
Abstract |
A 14-year-old Arabian cross-bred gelding was referred to the University Clinic because of mild, recurrent signs of colic for 5 days. The pony showed icteric mucous membranes, haemolytic blood, and dark coloured urine. Internal examination did not give a clear diagnosis. Unidentified intra-abdominal strands were found and haemorrhagic abdominocentesis led to the decision to perform an exploratory laparatomy. An extremely enlarged spleen was the sole finding. A splenal biopsy sample was taken and surgery was completed. The pony remained colicky, so the spleen was examined by ultrasonography. After this examination, the tentative diagnosis 'tumour of the spleen' was made and splenectomy was performed. Pathological examination of the spleen revealed splenomegaly caused by infarctions of unknown origin. Eight weeks after surgery, the pony started again in dressage competition. Six months after splenectomy, the pony won the provincial dressage competition. |
Address |
Hoofdafdeling Gezondheidszorg Paard, Faculteit der Diergeneeskunde, Universiteit Utrecht, Yalelaan 12-16, 3584 CM Utrecht. fenna-lambert@planet.nl |
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Language |
Dutch |
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Original Title |
Splenectomie bij een dressuurpony: einde sportcarriere? |
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ISSN |
0040-7453 |
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Notes |
PMID:12870176 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3722 |
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Author |
Cheung, K.; Hume, P.A.; Maxwell, L. |
Title |
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Sports Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sports Med |
Volume |
33 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
145-164 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a familiar experience for the elite or novice athlete. Symptoms can range from muscle tenderness to severe debilitating pain. The mechanisms, treatment strategies, and impact on athletic performance remain uncertain, despite the high incidence of DOMS. DOMS is most prevalent at the beginning of the sporting season when athletes are returning to training following a period of reduced activity. DOMS is also common when athletes are first introduced to certain types of activities regardless of the time of year. Eccentric activities induce micro-injury at a greater frequency and severity than other types of muscle actions. The intensity and duration of exercise are also important factors in DOMS onset. Up to six hypothesised theories have been proposed for the mechanism of DOMS, namely: lactic acid, muscle spasm, connective tissue damage, muscle damage, inflammation and the enzyme efflux theories. However, an integration of two or more theories is likely to explain muscle soreness. DOMS can affect athletic performance by causing a reduction in joint range of motion, shock attenuation and peak torque. Alterations in muscle sequencing and recruitment patterns may also occur, causing unaccustomed stress to be placed on muscle ligaments and tendons. These compensatory mechanisms may increase the risk of further injury if a premature return to sport is attempted. |
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ISSN |
1179-2035 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Cheung2003 |
Serial |
6016 |
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Author |
Newman, M.E.J. |
Title |
The Structure and Function of Complex Networks |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
SIAM Review |
Abbreviated Journal |
SIAM Rev. |
Volume |
45 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
167-256 |
Keywords |
networks; graph theory; complex systems; computer networks; social networks; random graphs; percolation theory |
Abstract |
Inspired by empirical studies of networked systems such as the Internet, social networks, and biological networks, researchers have in recent years developed a variety of techniques and models to help us understand or predict the behavior of these systems. Here we review developments in this field, including such concepts as the small-world effect, degree distributions, clustering, network correlations, random graph models, models of network growth and preferential attachment, and dynamical processes taking place on networks. |
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Siam |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5214 |
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Author |
Dunbar, R. |
Title |
Evolution of the social brain |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume |
302 |
Issue |
5648 |
Pages |
1160-1161 |
Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild; *Cognition; Endorphins/physiology; *Evolution; Female; Grooming; Hierarchy, Social; Language; Neocortex/anatomy & histology/physiology; Papio/physiology/*psychology; *Reproduction; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Social Support; Vocalization, Animal |
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Address |
School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. rimd@liv.ac.uk |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1095-9203 |
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Notes |
PMID:14615522 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
548 |
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Author |
Bergman, T.J.; Beehner, J.C.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M. |
Title |
Hierarchical classification by rank and kinship in baboons |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume |
302 |
Issue |
5648 |
Pages |
1234-1236 |
Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild; Botswana; *Cognition; Family; Female; *Hierarchy, Social; Language; *Papio/psychology; Social Dominance; Vocalization, Animal |
Abstract |
Humans routinely classify others according to both their individual attributes, such as social status or wealth, and membership in higher order groups, such as families or castes. They also recognize that people's individual attributes may be influenced and regulated by their group affiliations. It is not known whether such rule-governed, hierarchical classifications are specific to humans or might also occur in nonlinguistic species. Here we show that baboons recognize that a dominance hierarchy can be subdivided into family groups. In playback experiments, baboons respond more strongly to call sequences mimicking dominance rank reversals between families than within families, indicating that they classify others simultaneously according to both individual rank and kinship. The selective pressures imposed by complex societies may therefore have favored cognitive skills that constitute an evolutionary precursor to some components of human cognition. |
Address |
Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. thore@sas.upenn.edu |
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1095-9203 |
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PMID:14615544 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
689 |
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Author |
Silk, J.B.; Alberts, S.C.; Altmann, J. |
Title |
Social Bonds of Female Baboons Enhance Infant Survival |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume |
302 |
Issue |
5648 |
Pages |
1231-1234 |
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Abstract |
Among nonhuman primates, females often form strong bonds with kin and other group members. These relationships are thought to have adaptive value for females, but direct effects of sociality on fitness have never been demonstrated. We present 16 years of behavioral data from a well-studied population of wild baboons, which demonstrate that sociality of adult females is positively associated with infant survival, an important component of variation in female lifetime fitness. The effects of sociality on infant survival are independent of the effects of dominance rank, group membership, and environmental conditions. Our results are consistent with the evidence that social support has beneficial effects on human health and well-being across the life span. For humans and other primates, sociality has adaptive value. |
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10.1126/science.1088580 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5151 |
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Author |
Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Choice based on exclusion in pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
Volume |
10 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
959-964 |
Keywords |
Animals; Appetitive Behavior; *Association Learning; *Choice Behavior; *Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Memory, Short-Term; *Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Transfer (Psychology) |
Abstract |
When humans acquire a conditional discrimination and are given a novel-sample-comparison choice, they often reject a comparison known to be associated with a different sample and choose the alternative comparison by default (or by exclusion). In Experiment 1, we found that if, following matching training, we replaced both of the samples, acquisition took five times longer than if we replaced only one of the samples. Apparently, the opportunity to reject one of the comparisons facilitated the association of the other sample with the remaining comparison. In Experiment 2, we first trained pigeons to treat two samples differently (to associate Sample A with Comparison 1 and Sample B with Comparison 2) and then trained them to associate one of those samples with a new comparison (e.g., Sample A with Comparison 3) and to associate a novel sample (Sample C) with a different, new comparison (Comparison 4). When Sample B then replaced Sample C, the pigeons showed a significant tendency to choose Comparison 4 over Comparison 3. Thus, when given the opportunity, pigeons will choose by exclusion. |
Address |
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA |
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English |
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1069-9384 |
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Notes |
PMID:15000545 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
233 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Clement, T.S.; Weaver, J.E. |
Title |
Symmetry training in pigeons can produce functional equivalences |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
Volume |
10 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
387-391 |
Keywords |
Animals; Association; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Conditioning (Psychology)/*physiology; Teaching/*methods; *Transfer (Psychology) |
Abstract |
Functional stimulus equivalence has been demonstrated using a transfer of training design with matching-to-sample training in which two sample stimuli are associated with the same comparison stimulus (A-B, C-B; many-to-one matching). Equivalence is shown by training a new association (A-D) and demonstrating the presence of an emergent relation (C-D). In the present experiment, we show that symmetry training, in which a bidirectional association is trained between two stimuli (A-B, B-A, using successive stimulus presentations followed by reinforcement), can also produce functional equivalence using a transfer of training design (i.e., train B-C, test A-C). The results suggest that training pigeons in the substitutability of two stimuli may be sufficient to produce functional stimulus equivalence between them. The results also have implications for the development of an emergent transitive relation, because training on A-B and B-C relations results in the emergence of an untrained A-C relation, if B-A training also is provided. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu |
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1069-9384 |
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PMID:12921414 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
235 |
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Author |
Sole, L.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Bennett, P.J. |
Title |
Uncertainty in pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
738-745 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Decision Making; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reward; Transfer (Psychology); Visual Perception |
Abstract |
Pigeons classified a display of illuminated pixels on a touchscreen as sparse or dense. Correct responses were reinforced with six food pellets; incorrect responses were unreinforced. On some trials an uncertain response option was available. Pecking it was always reinforced with an intermediate number of pellets. Like monkeys and people in related experiments, the birds chose the uncertain response most often when the stimulus presented was difficult to classify correctly, but in other respects their behavior was not functionally similar to human behavior based on conscious uncertainty or to the behavior of monkeys in comparable experiments. Our data were well described by a signal detection model that assumed that the birds were maximizing perceived reward in a consistent way across all the experimental conditions. |
Address |
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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1069-9384 |
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PMID:14620372 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
366 |
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