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	Author	Spengler M.I.; Rasia M.
	Title	Influence of Plasma Proteins on Erythrocyte Aggregation in Three Mammalian Species			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Veterinary Research Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Vet.Res.Comm
	Volume	25	Issue	7	Pages	591-599
	Keywords	albumin – bovine – equine – erythrocyte aggregation – dextran – haemorheology – human – plasma protein – polyvinylpyrrolidone
	Abstract	The aggregation capacity of human erythrocytes lies between that of the non-aggregating bovine erythrocytes and the remarkably aggregating equine ones. As the ability to aggregate is attributed to cell factors and the composition of the plasma proteins, the role that plasma proteins play in the aggregation process in these three species was studied. Washed erythrocytes were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4, 300 mOsm/L) plus polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a suitable concentration to obtain an average intensity of aggregation (control media). The superimposed effect of replacing 80% of the medium by either autologous plasma, serum or albumin solution was studied. The plasma proteins appeared to enhance aggregation by human and equine erythrocytes, but impaired this process in bovine erythrocytes. Some evidence was obtained supporting the existence of serum factors capable of reducing aggregation of erythrocytes in cattle and it was concluded that the non-aggregating behaviour of bovine erythrocytes may be due to the cells interacting particularly with the macromolecules in the serum.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	2013
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	Author	Flauger, B.; Krueger, K.; Gerhards, H.; Möstl, E.
	Title	Simplified method to measure glucocorticoid metabolites in faeces of horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Veterinary Research Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Res Comm
	Volume	34	Issue	2	Pages	185-195
	Keywords	ACTH challenge; enzyme immunoassay; stress behaviour; cortisol
	Abstract	Glucocorticoids or their metabolites can be measured in several body fluids or excreta, including plasma, saliva, urine and faeces. In recent years the measurement of glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs) in faeces has gained increasing attention, because of its suitability for wild populations. In horses, however, the group-specific enzyme immunoassay described so far has a limited racticability due to its complex extraction procedure. Therefore, we tested the applicability of other enzyme immunoassays for glucocorticoid metabolites. The present study clearly proved that an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for 11-oxoetiocholanolone using 11-oxoetiocholanolone-17-CMO: BSA (3α,11-oxo-A EIA) as antigen showed high amounts of immunoreactive substances. Therefore it was possible to use just a small amount of the supernatant of a methanolic suspension of faeces. The results correlated well with the already described method for measuring GCMs in horse faeces, i.e. analysing the samples with an EIA after a two step clean up procedure of the samples (Merl et al. 2000). In addition, the 3α,11-oxo-A EIA has the advantage of providing a bigger difference between baseline values and peak values after ACTH stimulation. The new assay increased the accuracy of the test, lowered the expenses per sample, and storing samples at room temperature after collection was less critical than with other assays investigated in our study. This is a big advantage both in the field of wildlife management of equids and in the field of equestrian sports and it shows the importance of choosing an assay which is in good accordance with the metabolites excreted in a given species.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5073
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	Author	Mellor, P.S.; Hamblin, C.
	Title	African horse sickness			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Res
	Volume	35	Issue	4	Pages	445-466
	Keywords	African Horse Sickness/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission/virology; African horse sickness virus/pathogenicity; Animals; Culicidae; Europe/epidemiology; Horses; Insect Vectors
	Abstract	African horse sickness virus (AHSV) causes a non-contagious, infectious insect-borne disease of equids and is endemic in many areas of sub-Saharan Africa and possibly Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula. However, periodically the virus makes excursions beyond its endemic areas and has at times extended as far as India and Pakistan in the east and Spain and Portugal in the west. The vectors are certain species of Culicoides biting midge the most important of which is the Afro-Asiatic species C. imicola. This paper describes the effects that AHSV has on its equid hosts, aspects of its epidemiology, and present and future prospects for control. The distribution of AHSV seems to be governed by a number of factors including the efficiency of control measures, the presence or absence of a long term vertebrate reservoir and, most importantly, the prevalence and seasonal incidence of the major vector which is controlled by climate. However, with the advent of climate-change the major vector, C. imicola, has now significantly extended its range northwards to include much of Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece and has even been recorded from southern Switzerland. Furthermore, in many of these new locations the insect is present and active throughout the entire year. With the related bluetongue virus, which utilises the same vector species of Culicoides this has, since 1998, precipitated the worst outbreaks of bluetongue disease ever recorded with the virus extending further north in Europe than ever before and apparently becoming endemic in that continent. The prospects for similar changes in the epidemiology and distribution of AHSV are discussed.
	Address	Institute for Animal Health, Department of Arbovirology, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Rd., Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom. philip.mellor@bbsrc.ac.uk
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0928-4249	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:15236676			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2358
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	Author	Mellor, P.S.
	Title	African horse sickness: transmission and epidemiology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Res
	Volume	24	Issue	2	Pages	199-212
	Keywords	Africa, Northern/epidemiology; African Horse Sickness/epidemiology/transmission; African horse sickness virus/physiology; Animals; Arachnid Vectors/microbiology; Ceratopogonidae/microbiology; Culicidae/microbiology; Horses; Insect Vectors/microbiology; Portugal/epidemiology; Spain/epidemiology; Ticks/microbiology
	Abstract	African horse sickness (AHS) virus causes a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne disease of equines and occasionally of dogs. The virus is widely distributed across sub-Saharan African where it is transmitted between susceptible vertebrate hosts by the vectors. These are usually considered to be species of Culicoides biting midges but mosquitoes and/or ticks may also be involved to a greater or lesser extent. Periodically the virus makes excursions beyond its sub-Saharan enzootic zones but until recently does not appear to have been able to maintain itself outside these areas for more than 2-3 consecutive years at most. This is probably due to a number of factors including the apparent absence of a long term vertebrate reservoir, the prevalence and seasonal incidence of the vectors and the efficiency of control measures (vaccination and vector abatement). The recent AHS epizootics in Iberia and N Africa spanning as they do, 5 or more yr, seem to have established a new pattern in AHS virus persistence. This is probably linked to the continuous presence of adult C imicola in the area. Culicoides imicola is basically an Afro-Asiatic insect and prefers warm climates. Therefore its continuous adult presence in parts of Iberia and N Africa may be due to some recent moderations of the climate in these areas.
	Address	Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0928-4249	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:8102076			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2359
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	Author	Rehbinder, C.; Hau, J.
	Title	Quantification of cortisol, cortisol immunoreactive metabolites, and immunoglobulin A in serum, saliva, urine, and feces for noninvasive assessment of stress in reindeer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Can J Vet Res
	Volume	70	Issue	2	Pages	151-154
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	Abstract	This study was designed to develop reliable methods for quantification of cortisol and cortisol immunoreactive metabolites (C-CIM) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in reindeer serum, saliva, urine, and feces as tools for the objective noninvasive assessment of well-being and immunocompetence in reindeer. Although C-CIM was readily quantifiable by radioimmunoassay in serum, urine, and feces, the levels in saliva samples were low, rendering quantification unreliable. Whereas IgA concentrations were high in feces samples, they were much lower, albeit quantifiable, in serum and urine; the levels in saliva samples were too low for quantification with the use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that we developed. Further studies are in progress to validate the usefulness of fecal levels of C-CIM and IgA in the assessment of welfare in reindeer.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Canadian Veterinary Medical Association	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0830-9000	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5852
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	Author	Herron, M.A.; Martin, J.E.; Joyce, J.R.
	Title	Quantitative study of the decussating optic axons in the pony, cow, sheep, and pig.			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	American Journal of Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Am. J. Vet .Res.
	Volume	39	Issue	7	Pages	1137-9
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5586
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	Author	Houpt, T.R.; Houpt, K.A.
	Title	Nitrogen conservation by ponies fed a low -protein ration			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1971	Publication	American journal of veterinary research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
	Volume	32	Issue	4	Pages	579-588
	Keywords	Administration, Oral; Amino Acids/biosynthesis; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology; Body Weight/drug effects; Dietary Proteins/pharmacology; Horses/metabolism; Nitrogen/*metabolism; Urea/administration & dosage/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism; Water/metabolism
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:5110116			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	62
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	Author	Spadavecchia, C.; Arendt-Nielsen, L.; Andersen, O.K.; Spadavecchia, L.; Doherr, M.; Schatzmann, U.
	Title	Comparison of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes and recruitment curves between the forelimbs and hind limbs in conscious horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	American journal of veterinary research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
	Volume	64	Issue	6	Pages	700-707
	Keywords	Animals; Consciousness; Female; Forelimb/physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/physiology; Male; Nociceptors/physiology; Pain/physiopathology/veterinary; Pain Threshold/physiology; Recruitment, Neurophysiological/physiology; Reflex/physiology
	Abstract	OBJECTIVE: To compare nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWRs) evoked from the distal aspect of the left forelimb and hind limb in conscious standing horses and to investigate NWR recruitment for graded electrical stimulation intensities. ANIMALS: 20 adult horses. PROCEDURE: Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the digital palmar (or plantar) nerve was recorded from the common digital extensor and cranial tibial muscles. Stimuli consisted of 25-millisecond train-of-5 constant current pulses. Current intensity was gradually increased until NWR threshold intensity was reached. The EMG signal was analyzed for quantification of the NWR. Behavioral responses accompanying the reflex were scored (scale, 0 to 5). The NWR recruitment curves were determined at 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 times the NWR threshold intensity. RESULTS: The NWR threshold was significantly higher for the hind limb (median value, 6.6 mA; range, 3 to 10 mA) than the forelimb (median, 3 mA; range, 1.7 to 5.5 mA). The NWR of the hind limb had a significantly longer latency (median, 122.8 milliseconds; range, 106 to 172 milliseconds), compared with the forelimb (median, 98 milliseconds; range, 86 to 137 milliseconds), and it was associated with significantly stronger behavioral reactions. Gradual increase of NWR amplitude was evident at increasing stimulation intensities and supported by the behavioral observations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We documented NWRs evoked from the forelimb and hind limb and their recruitment with stimuli of increasing intensity in horses. These results provide a basis for use of NWRs in studies on nociceptive modulation in horses.
	Address	Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Berne, Switzerland
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:12828255			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	93
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	Author	Keiper, R.; Houpt, K.
	Title	Reproduction in feral horses: an eight-year study			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	American journal of veterinary research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
	Volume	45	Issue	5	Pages	991-995
	Keywords	Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology; Anestrus; Animal Population Groups/physiology; Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Birth Rate; Female; Fertility; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses/physiology; Lactation; Male; Maryland; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Seasons; Sex Ratio; Virginia
	Abstract	The reproductive rate and foal survival of the free-ranging ponies on Assateague Island National Seashore were studied for 8 years, 1975 to 1982. Most (52%) of the 86 foals were born in May, 13% were born in April, 22.6% in June, 10.4% in July, and less than 1% in August and September. The mean foaling rate was 57.1 +/- 3.9% and the survival rate was 88.3 +/- 3.6%. Forty-eight colts and 55 fillies were born (sex ratio 53% female). Mares less than 3 years old did not foal and the foaling rate of 3-year-old mares was only 23%, that of 4-year-old mares was 46%, that of 5-year-old mares was 53%, and 6-year-old mares was 69%. The relatively poor reproduction rate was believed to be a consequence of the stress of lactating while carrying a foal when forage quality on the island was low. The hypothesis was supported by the higher reproductive rate (74.4 +/- 2.4%) of the ponies in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge on the southern part of the island. Their foals are weaned and sold in July each year. Despite the low reproductive rate on Assateague Island National Seashore , the number of ponies increased from 43 to 80, a 90% increase in the 8-year period or greater than 10%/yr. There were 24 deaths and 8 dispersals from the study area.
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:6732036			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	665
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	Author	Knill, L.M.; Eagleton, R.D.; Harver, E.
	Title	Physical optics of the equine eye			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	American Journal of Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
	Volume	38	Issue	6	Pages	735-737
	Keywords	visual system function; Ocular Physiology
	Abstract	The equine eye was treated as a general lens system and calculations were done to determine image position in relation to the retina for objects at a distance of infinity, 100 m, and 1 m. The retina is 19.1 mm behind the posterior surface of the lens; therefore, the image appears 14.6 mm posterior to the retina at infinity and at 100 m, and 16.3 mm at 1-m distance on a horizontal axis. The animals studied were hyperopic. It is evident that the horse must move its head or eye, or both, for optimal visual acuity. At the same time, some objects in the total field of vision are imperceptible or indistinct.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	ISSN	00029645 (Issn)	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 15 May 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Knill, L.M.			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	852
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