Sato, S. (1982). Leadership during actual grazing in a small herd of cattle. Appl. Animal. Ethol., 8(1-2), 53–65.
Abstract: An understanding of patterns of leadership during grazing movements is important where the management of grazing cattle is concerned. This paper describes the leadership displayed by grazing cattle by recording the spatial relationship (grazing style) among herd members as the group progressed slowly through a field. Grazing style was divided into “A”, “B” and “C”, meaning following, independence and leading, respectively. The results revealed the following features: (1) the frequency distributions of grazing style and grazing formation used by the herd varied with the seasons; (2) the individual animal variation in grazing style did not fundamentally change with the seasons; (3) there was negative linear correlation between Styles A and C and between Styles A and B. The more any cow followed the grazing movement, the less likely it was to lead the grazing movement or to be independent. Styles C and B tended to be positively related; (4) high, medium and low ranking animals in social dominance showed tendencies to behave in Styles C, A and B, respectively; (5) grazing style and weight gain were not clearly related; (6) the cows that tended to lead, be independent or follow less, tended to get out of their paddocks. The observations suggested (1) that the leader-follower-independent relationship, although modified in each season, did not vary fundamentally, (2) that the active movement of high ranking animals and the independent movement of low ranking animals governed the voluntary formation in grazing, and (3) that as grazing cattle that behaved in a single group and did not escape from their paddock were much easier to manage, the grazing style that expressed these characteristics was one of the significant indices for management of grazing cattle.
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Klingel, H. (1982). Social organization of feral horses. J Reprod Fertil Suppl, 32, 89–95.
Abstract: The basic social unit in feral horses is the family group consisting of one stallion, one to a few unrelated mares and their foals. Surplus stallions associate in bachelor groups. Stallions are instrumental in bringing mares together in a unit which then persists even without a stallion. The similarity of social organization in populations living in a variety of different habitats indicates that feral horses have reverted to the habits of their wild ancestors, and that domestication has had no influence on this basic behavioural feature.
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Tobin, T., & Combie, J. D. (1982). Performance testing in horses: a review of the role of simple behavioral models in the design of performance experiments. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 5(2), 105–118.
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Skiff Em,. (1982). The effect of enclosure design on social interactions and daily activity patterns of the captive asiatic wild horse.
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Rubenstein D. I.,. (1982). Reproductive value and behavioral strategies: coming of age in monkeys and horses. Perspect Ethol, 5, 469–487.
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Salter, R. E., & Hudson, R. J. (1982). Social organization of feral horses in western Canada. App. Anim. Ethol., 8, 207–223.
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Ryder, O. A., & Wedemeyer, E. A. (1982). A cooperative breeding programme for the mongolian wild horse Equus Przewalski in the United States. Biol. Cons., 22, 259–271.
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Schäfer M,. (1982). Beobachtungen zum Paarungsverhalten des Hausesels. Säugetierk Mitt, 30, 13–25.
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Poglayen- Neuwall I,. (1982). Einbürgerung exotischer Huftiere in New Mexico 1950 – 1979. Zool. Garten., 52, 195–232.
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Penzhorn Bl,. (1982). Soil- eating by Cape Mountain Zebras in the mountain zebra nationl park. Koedoe, 25, 83–88.
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