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Author |
Bentley-Condit, V.; Smith, E.O. |
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Title |
Animal tool use: current definitions and an updated comprehensive catalog |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
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147 |
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2 |
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185-32 |
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Keywords |
TOOL USE; CATALOG; ANIMAL |
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Abstract |
Despite numerous attempts to define animal tool use over the past four decades, the definition remains elusive and the behaviour classification somewhat subjective. Here, we provide a brief review of the definitions of animal tool use and show how those definitions have been modified over time. While some aspects have remained constant (i.e., the distinction between 'true' and 'borderline' tool use), others have been added (i.e., the distinction between 'dynamic' and 'static' behaviours). We present an updated, comprehensive catalog of documented animal tool use that indicates whether the behaviours observed included any 'true' tool use, whether the observations were limited to captive animals, whether tool manufacture has been observed, and whether the observed tool use was limited to only one individual and, thus, 'anecdotal' (i.e., N = 1). Such a catalog has not been attempted since Beck (1980). In addition to being a useful reference for behaviourists, this catalog demonstrates broad tool use and manufacture trends that may be of interest to phylogenists, evolutionary ecologists, and cognitive evolutionists. Tool use and tool manufacture are shown to be widespread across three phyla and seven classes of the animal kingdom. Moreover, there is complete overlap between the Aves and Mammalia orders in terms of the tool use categories (e.g., food extraction, food capture, agonism) arguing against any special abilities of mammals. The majority of tool users, almost 85% of the entries, use tools in only one of the tool use categories. Only members of the Passeriformes and Primates orders have been observed to use tools in four or more of the ten categories. Thus, observed tool use by some members of these two orders (e.g., Corvus, Papio) is qualitatively different from that of all other animal taxa. Finally, although there are similarities between Aves and Mammalia, and Primates and Passeriformes, primate tool use is qualitatively different. Approximately 35% of the entries for this order demonstrate a breadth of tool use (i.e., three or more categories by any one species) compared to other mammals (0%), Aves (2.4%), and the Passeriformes (3.1%). This greater breadth in tool use by some organisms may involve phylogenetic or cognitive differences � or may simply reflect differences in length and intensity of observations. The impact that tool usage may have had on groups' respective ecological niches and, through niche-construction, on their respective evolutionary trajectories remains a subject for future study. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ :/content/journals/10.1163/000579509x12512865686555 |
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5859 |
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Author |
Gaunet, F.; Massioui, F.E. |
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Title |
Marked referential communicative behaviours, but no differentiation of the “knowledge state” of humans in untrained pet dogs versus 1-year-old infants |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Animal Cognition |
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1-11 |
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Keywords |
Dog; Communication; Knowledge attribution; Infant; Social; Learning |
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The study examines whether untrained dogs and infants take their caregiver’s visual experience into account when communicating with them. Fifteen adult dogs and 15 one-year-old infants were brought into play with their caregivers with one of their own toys. The caregiver gave the toy to the experimenter, who, in different conditions, placed it either above or under one of two containers, with both the infant or dog and the caregiver witnessing the positioning; in a third condition, the caregiver left the room before the toy was placed under one of the two containers and later returned. Afterwards, for each condition, the caregiver asked the participant to indicate the location of the toy. Neither dogs nor infants—untrained to the use of the partner’s knowledge state—showed much difference of behaviour between the three conditions. However, dogs showed more persistence for most behaviours (gaze at the owner, gaze at the toy and gaze alternation) and conditions, suggesting that the situation made more demands on dogs’ communicative behaviours than on those of infants. When all deictic behaviours of infants (arm points towards the toy and gaze at the toy) were taken into account, dogs and infants did not differ. Phylogeny, early experience and ontogeny may all play a role in the ways that both species communicate with adult humans. |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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1435-9448 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5789 |
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Siniscalchi, M.; Sasso, R.; Pepe, A.M.; Dimatteo, S.; Vallortigara, G.; Quaranta, A. |
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Title |
Catecholamine plasma levels following immune stimulation with rabies vaccine in dogs selected for their paw preferences |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
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Neuroscience Letters |
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476 |
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3 |
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142-145 |
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Keywords |
Physiology; Behavior; Lateralization; Catecholamines; Paw preference; Neuro-immune-modulation |
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine plasma levels were assessed in dogs in relation to paw preference following an immune challenge with rabies vaccine. The results showed that both catecholamines increased after the vaccine administration, confirming the main role of the sympathetic nervous system in the modulation activity between the brain and the immune system. Moreover, ambidextrous dogs showed a significantly higher increase of epinephrine levels 8 days after immunization with respect to right- and left-pawed dogs, suggesting that the biological activity of this molecule could be key for a different immune response with regard to laterality. |
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0304-3940 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5788 |
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McGreevy, P.D.; Oddie, C.; Burton, F.L.; McLean, A.N. |
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Title |
The horse–human dyad: Can we align horse training and handling activities with the equid social ethogram? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
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The Veterinary Journal |
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Special Issue: Equitation Science |
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181 |
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1 |
Pages |
12-18 |
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Horse training; Social inter- and intra-specific communication; Learning; Counter–predator behaviour |
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This article examines the recently completed equid ethogram and shows how analogues of social interactions between horses may occur in various human–horse interactions. It discusses how some specific horse–horse interactions have a corresponding horse–human interaction – some of which may be directly beneficial for the horse while others may be unusual or even abnormal. It also shows how correspondent behaviours sometimes become inappropriate because of their duration, consistency or context. One analogue is unlikely to hold true for all horse–human contexts, so when applying any model from horse–horse interactions to human–horse interactions, the limitations of the model may eclipse the intended outcome of the intervention. These limitations are especially likely when the horse is being ridden. Such analyses may help to determine the validity of extrapolating intra-specific interactions to the inter-specific setting, as is advocated by some popular horse-training methods, and highlight the subsequent limitations where humans play the role of the ‘alpha mare’ or leader in horse handling and training. This examination provides a constructive framework for further informed debate and empirical investigation of the critical features of successful intra-specific interactions. |
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1090-0233 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5729 |
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Author |
Bailey, A.; Williams, N.; Palmer, M.; Geering, R. |
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Title |
The farmer as service provider: the demand for agricultural commodities and equine services |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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Agricultural Systems |
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66 |
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3 |
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191-204 |
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Income and price elasticity of demand; Farm diversification; Horses |
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Abstract |
In recent years there has been much interest in alternative sources of income for farmers. This is because economic theory suggests that demand for agricultural commodities is inelastic so that, as incomes in society as a whole increase, those of farmers do not necessarily keep pace — hence the current problems with falling real farm incomes. In contrast the demand for services is relatively elastic. Thus it is logical to divert agricultural resources into service provision. One such service is provided by equine enterprises. We have estimated the own price and income elasticities of demand for selected agricultural commodities and for ‘equine services’. Our results confirm that demand for equine services is more elastic than for agricultural commodities. Thus diversification into horse enterprises is likely to have long term benefits for farmers vis á vis traditional agricultural production. |
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0308-521x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5713 |
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Author |
Cochet, H.; Byrne, R.W. |
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Title |
Evolutionary origins of human handedness: evaluating contrasting hypotheses |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Animal Cognition |
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16 |
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4 |
Pages |
531-542 |
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Hand preference; Hemispheric specialization; Communicative gestures; Evolution of language; Nonhuman primates; Human children |
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Abstract |
Variation in methods and measures, resulting in past dispute over the existence of population handedness in nonhuman great apes, has impeded progress into the origins of human right-handedness and how it relates to the human hallmark of language. Pooling evidence from behavioral studies, neuroimaging and neuroanatomy, we evaluate data on manual and cerebral laterality in humans and other apes engaged in a range of manipulative tasks and in gestural communication. A simplistic human/animal partition is no longer tenable, and we review four (nonexclusive) possible drivers for the origin of population-level right-handedness: skilled manipulative activity, as in tool use; communicative gestures; organizational complexity of action, in particular hierarchical structure; and the role of intentionality in goal-directed action. Fully testing these hypotheses will require developmental and evolutionary evidence as well as modern neuroimaging data. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5691 |
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Author |
Yeon, S.C. |
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Title |
Acoustic communication in the domestic horse (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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2012 |
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Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
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7 |
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3 |
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179-185 |
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Keywords |
horse; communication; vocalization |
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Equine vocalization and acoustic sounds can communicate a horse’s emotional state, physiological state, and situation to other individuals, including other horses and humans. These vocalizations and acoustic sounds can be divided into several types. The whinny, nicker, squeal, blow, snore, snort, roar, and groan are typical types of horse vocalizations and acoustic sounds. The sound localization thresholds of horses are markedly poorer than those of other large mammals, such as humans and elephants. The audiogram of horse has shown their best sensitivity and hearing range in which it perceives sound. Laryngeal diseases, such as laryngeal hemiplegia, dorsal displacement of the soft palate, and alar fold paralysis, can cause laryngeal sounds in the upper airway. The analyses of horses’ vocalizations and laryngeal sounds that are reviewed in this article were conducted with computer-aided analysis programs using spectrograms and spectra that evaluate several parameters, including amplitude, fundamental frequency, duration, and formants. Laryngeal sound analysis could be a useful method for diagnosing upper airway diseases. This article presents a review of the literature describing scientific analyses of horse vocalizations and acoustic sounds to elucidate equine acoustic communications and aid in the development of horse-human bonds. |
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1558-7878 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5681 |
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Begall, S.; Malkemper, E.P.; Cervený, J.; Nemec, P.; Burda, H. |
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Title |
Magnetic alignment in mammals and other animals |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Mammalian Biology – Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |
Abbreviated Journal |
Mamm. Biol. |
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78 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
10-20 |
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Cattle; Deer; Fox; Horse; Magnetoreception |
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Magnetic alignment (MA) constitutes the simplest directional response to the geomagnetic field. In contrast to magnetic compass orientation, MA is not goal directed and represents a spontaneous, fixed directional response. Because animals tend to align their bodies along or perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, MA typically leads to bimodal or quadrimodal orientation, although there is also growing evidence for a fixed unimodal orientation not necessarily coinciding with the magnetic cardinal directions. MA has been demonstrated in diverse animals including insects, amphibians, fish, and mammals. Alignment can be expressed by animals during resting as well as on the move (e.g. while grazing, hunting, feeding, etc.). Here, we briefly survey characteristic features and classical examples of MA and review the current knowledge about the occurrence of MA in mammals. In addition, we summarize what is known about mechanisms underlying MA and discuss its prospective biological functions. Finally, we highlight some physiological effects of alignment along the magnetic field axes reported in humans. We argue that the phenomenon of MA adds a new paradigm that can be exploited for investigation of magnetoreception in mammals. |
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1616-5047 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5678 |
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Author |
Scheider, L.; Kaminski, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M. |
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Title |
Do domestic dogs interpret pointing as a command? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Animal Cognition |
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Volume |
16 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
361-372 |
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Communication; Domestic dog; Pointing; Comprehension; Imperative |
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Domestic dogs comprehend human gestural communication flexibly, particularly the pointing gesture. Here, we examine whether dogs interpret pointing informatively, that is, as simply providing information, or rather as a command, for example, ordering them to move to a particular location. In the first study a human pointed toward an empty cup. In one manipulation, the dog either knew or did not know that the designated cup was empty (and that the other cup actually contained the food). In another manipulation, the human (as authority) either did or did not remain in the room after pointing. Dogs ignored the human’s gesture if they had better information, irrespective of the authority’s presence. In the second study, we varied the level of authority of the person pointing. Sometimes this person was an adult, and sometimes a young child. Dogs followed children’s pointing just as frequently as they followed adults’ pointing (and ignored the dishonest pointing of both), suggesting that the level of authority did not affect their behavior. Taken together these studies suggest that dogs do not see pointing as an imperative command ordering them to a particular location. It is still not totally clear, however, if they interpret it as informative or in some other way. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5666 |
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Author |
McCarthy, M.S.; Jensvold, M.L.A.; Fouts, D.H. |
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Title |
Use of gesture sequences in captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) play |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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16 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
471-481 |
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Gestural communication; Attentional state; Chimpanzee; Gesture sequence |
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This study examined the use of sensory modalities relative to a partner’s behavior in gesture sequences during captive chimpanzee play at the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute. We hypothesized that chimpanzees would use visual gestures toward attentive recipients and auditory/tactile gestures toward inattentive recipients. We also hypothesized that gesture sequences would be more prevalent toward unresponsive rather than responsive recipients. The chimpanzees used significantly more auditory/tactile rather than visual gestures first in sequences with both attentive and inattentive recipients. They rarely used visual gestures toward inattentive recipients. Auditory/tactile gestures were effective with and used with both attentive and inattentive recipients. Recipients responded significantly more to single gestures than to first gestures in sequences. Sequences often indicated that recipients did not respond to initial gestures, whereas effective single gestures made more gestures unnecessary. The chimpanzees thus gestured appropriately relative to a recipient’s behavior and modified their interactions according to contextual social cues. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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1435-9448 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5665 |
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