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Author |
Uchiyama, H.; Ohtani, N.; Ohta, M. |
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Title |
Three-dimensional analysis of horse and human gaits in therapeutic riding |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
135 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
271-276 |
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Equine-facilitated interventions; Horse gait; Human gait; Three-dimensional analysis; Horse riding |
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Abstract |
Therapeutic horse riding or hippotherapy is used as an intervention for treating individuals with mental and physical disabilities. Equine-assisted interventions are based on the hypothesis that the movement of the horse's pelvis during horseback riding resembles human ambulation, and thus provides motor and sensory inputs similar to those received during human walking. However, this hypothesis has not been investigated quantitatively and qualitatively. This study aimed to verify the hypothesis by conducting a three-dimensional analysis of the horse's movements while walking and human ambulation. Using four sets of equipments, we analysed the acceleration patterns of walking in 50 healthy humans and 11 horses. In addition, we analysed the exercise intensity by comparing the heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure of 127 healthy individuals before and after walking and horse riding. The acceleration data series of the stride phase of horse walking were compared with those of human walking, and the frequencies (in Hz) were analysed by Fast Fourier transform. The acceleration curves of human walking overlapped with those of horse walking, with the frequency band of human walking corresponding with that of horse walking. Exercise intensity, as measured by the heart rate and breathing rate, was not significantly different between horse riding and human walking. The levels of diastolic blood pressure were slightly higher during horse riding than during walking, but were lower during both conditions compared with those in normal conditions (P < 0.01). The present study shows that, although not completely matched, the accelerations of the horse and human walking are comparable quantitatively and qualitatively. Horse riding at a walking gait could generate motor and sensory inputs similar to those produced by human walking, and thus could provide optimum benefits to persons with ambulatory difficulties. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5488 |
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Author |
Hopster, H.; van der Werf, J.T.; Erkens, J.H.; Blokhuis, H.J. |
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Title |
Effects of repeated jugular puncture on plasma cortisol concentrations in loose-housed dairy cows |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Anim. Sci |
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Volume |
77 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
708-714 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5486 |
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Author |
Jerison, H. J. |
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Title |
Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. |
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Year |
1973 |
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Academic Press |
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Riverport |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5462 |
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Author |
Harvey, P.H.; Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Mace, G.M. |
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Title |
Brain size and ecology in small mammals and primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1980 |
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
PNAS |
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77 |
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7 |
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4387-4389 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5456 |
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Author |
Mace, G.M.; Harvey, P.H.; Clutton-Brock, T.H. |
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Title |
Brain size and ecology in small mammals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zool |
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Volume |
193 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
333-354 |
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Abstract |
Relative brain size (measured as gross brain size after body size effects are removed) differs systematically between families of rodents, insectivores and lagomorphs. The Sciuridae have the largest relative brain size, the Soricidae and Bathyergidae the smallest. These results are discussed and compared with previous analyses of relative brain sizes among primates and bats. These differences complicate comparisons between relative brain size across phylogenetically diverse species and attempts to relate differences in relative brain size to ecological variables. To overcome these problems, best fit relationships were estimated for each family, and values for each genus were expressed as deviations from the lines of best fit. We refer to these values as Comparative Brain Size (CBS). Differences in CBS are related to differences in habitat type (forest-dwelling genera have larger CBS' than grassland forms), in diet (folivores have smaller CBS' than generalists or insectivores, frugivores and granivores), in zonation (arboreal genera have larger CBS' than terrestrial ones) and in activity timing (nocturnal genera have larger CBS' than dirurnal ones). However, these ecological categories are interrelated and, when the effects of other ecological differences are taken into account using analyses of variance, only the differences associated with diet, and possibly habitat remain. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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ISSN |
1469-7998 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5455 |
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Author |
Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Harvey, P.H. |
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Title |
Primates, brains and ecology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Zool. Lond. |
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Volume |
190 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
309-323 |
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The paper examines systematic relationships among primates between brain size (relative to body size) and differences in ecology and social system. Marked differences in relative brain size exist between families. These are correlated with inter-family differences in body size and home range size. Variation in comparative brain size within families is related to diet (folivores have comparatively smaller brains than frugivores), home range size and possibly also to breeding system. The adaptive significance of these relationships is discussed. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1469-7998 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5451 |
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Author |
Harcourt, A. H. |
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Title |
Coalitions and alliances: are primates more complex than non-primates? |
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Book Chapter |
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1992 |
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Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals |
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Oxford University Press |
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Oxford |
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Harcourt, A.H.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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0-19-854273-9 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5440 |
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Author |
Gouzoules, S.; Gouzoules, H. |
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Title |
Kinship |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Primate societies |
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Pages |
299-305 |
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University of Chicago Press |
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Chicago |
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Smuts, B. B.; Cheney, D. L.; Seyfarth, R. M.; Wrangham, R. W.; Struhsaker T. T |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5430 |
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Author |
Pays, O.; Sirot, E.; Fritz, H. |
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Title |
Collective Vigilance in the Greater Kudu: Towards a Better Understanding of Synchronization Patterns |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Ethology |
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no-no |
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Collective detection of predators is one of the main advantages of living in groups in prey species. However, the mechanisms linking individual and collective vigilance remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated individual and collective vigilance in a natural population of greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), a gregarious ruminant living under high predation risk. Controlling for environmental, individual and group factors, we show that the proportion of time during which at least one individual was vigilant increased with group size, whereas individual investment in vigilance decreased. We also show that individuals tended to synchronize both vigilance and feeding activities. More generally, and whatever the considered group size, we demonstrate how the independent scanning assumption underestimated both the proportion of time during which no individual was vigilant and the proportion of time during which all individuals were simultaneously vigilant, but overestimated the proportion of time during which one vigilant individual only was present. Our results thus contrast with the point of view that the alternative to independent vigilance is coordinated vigilance and plead for a better description of the processes whereby reciprocal influences between individuals shape collective patterns of vigilance. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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ISSN |
1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5425 |
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Author |
Sankey, C.; Richard-Yris, M.-A.; Leroy, H.; Henry, S.; Hausberger, M. |
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Title |
Positive interactions lead to lasting positive memories in horses, Equus caballus |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
79 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
869-875 |
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Keywords |
Equus caballus; horse; human–animal relationship; learning; memory; positive interaction; social cognition |
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Abstract |
Social relationships are important in social species. These relationships, based on repeated interactions, define each partner's expectations during the following encounters. The creation of a relationship implies high social cognitive abilities which require that each partner is able to associate the positive or negative content of an interaction with a specific partner and to recall this association. In this study, we tested the effects of repeated interactions on the memory kept by 23 young horses about humans, after 6 and 8 months of separation. The association of a reward with a learning task in an interactional context induced positive reactions towards humans during training. It also increased contact and interest, not only just after training, but also several months later, despite no further interaction with humans. In addition, this ‘positive memory’ of humans extended to novel persons. Overall, positive reinforcement enhanced learning and memorization of the task itself. These findings suggest remarkable social cognitive abilities that can be transposed from intraspecific to interspecific social contexts. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5418 |
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