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Author |
Hart, D.; Whitlow, J.W.J. |
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Title |
The experience of self in the bottlenose dolphin |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
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Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
244-247 |
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Keywords |
Animal Communication; Animals; *Awareness; Body Image; Dolphins/*psychology; Female; Humans; Male; *Self Concept; Social Behavior; Species Specificity; *Television; *Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
Marten and Psarakos have presented some evidence which suggests that objective self-awareness and possibly representations of self may characterize the dolphins' experience of self. Their research demonstrates the possibility of similarities in the sense of self between primate species and dolphins, although whether dolphins have subjective self-awareness, personal memories, and theories of self--all important facets of the sense of self in humans--was not examined. Clearly, even this limited evidence was difficult to achieve; the difficulties in adapting methods and coding behavior are quite apparent in their report. Future progress, however, may depend upon clarification of what are the necessary components for a sense of self and an explication of how these might be reflected in dolphin behavior. We are mindful of the authors' point (pp. 219 and 220) that the dolphin lives more in an acoustic than a visual environment. Thus, while tasks relying upon vision may reveal the presence or absence of the sense of self in primates, it might well be the case that in dolphins self-related experiences might be better revealed in auditory tasks. But then, what is the nature of human self-awareness in terms of audition? While both conceptual and methodological hurdles remain, Marten and Psarakos have demonstrated that important questions can be asked about the minds and phenomenal worlds of nonanthropoid species. |
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Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey 08102, USA |
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1053-8100 |
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PMID:8521264 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4162 |
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Author |
Loveland, K.A. |
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Title |
Self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: ecological considerations |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
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Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
254-257 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Attention; *Awareness; Body Image; Dolphins/*psychology; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Male; *Self Concept; *Social Environment; Species Specificity; Television; *Visual Perception |
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Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77025, USA |
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1053-8100 |
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PMID:8521267 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4161 |
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Author |
Lafferty, K.D. |
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Title |
Look what the cat dragged in: do parasites contribute to human cultural diversity? |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
68 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
279-282 |
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Keywords |
Adaptation, Physiological/physiology; Adaptation, Psychological/physiology; Animals; Behavior/physiology; *Behavior Control; Cats/*parasitology; Cultural Diversity; Host-Parasite Relations; Humans; Personality/*physiology; Toxoplasma/*physiology; Toxoplasmosis/parasitology/*psychology |
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Western Ecological Research Center, United States Geological Survey, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. lafferty@lifesci.ucsb.edu |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:15792708 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4148 |
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Author |
Hirata, S. |
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Title |
A note on the responses of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to live self-images on television monitors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
75 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
85-90 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Self Concept; Self Psychology; Social Behavior; Television |
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The majority of studies on self-recognition in animals have been conducted using a mirror as the test device; little is known, however, about the responses of non-human primates toward their own images in media other than mirrors. This study provides preliminary data on the reactions of 10 chimpanzees to live self-images projected on two television monitors, each connected to a different video camera. Chimpanzees could see live images of their own faces, which were approximately life-sized, on one monitor. On the other monitor, they could see live images of their whole body, which were approximately one-fifth life-size, viewed diagonally from behind. In addition, several objects were introduced into the test situation. Out of 10 chimpanzees tested, 2 individuals performed self-exploratory behaviors while watching their own images on the monitors. One of these two chimpanzees successively picked up two of the provided objects in front of a monitor, and watched the images of these objects on the monitor. The results indicate that these chimpanzees were able to immediately recognize live images of themselves or objects on the monitors, even though several features of these images differed from those of their previous experience with mirrors. |
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Great Ape Research Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories Inc., Okayama, Japan. hirata@gari.be.to |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:17324534 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4145 |
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Author |
Swartz, K.B. |
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Title |
What is mirror self-recognition in nonhuman primates, and what is it not? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
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Volume |
818 |
Issue |
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Pages |
64-71 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Awareness; *Behavior, Animal; *Ego; Primates/*psychology |
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Department of Psychology, Lehman College of the City University of New York, Bronx 10468, USA |
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0077-8923 |
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PMID:9237465 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4135 |
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Author |
Gallup, G.G.J. |
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Title |
On the rise and fall of self-conception in primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
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Volume |
818 |
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Pages |
72-82 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Phylogeny; Primates/*psychology; *Self Concept |
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Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Albany 12222, USA |
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0077-8923 |
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PMID:9237466 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4134 |
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Author |
Kalin, N.H.; Shelton, S.E. |
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Title |
Nonhuman primate models to study anxiety, emotion regulation, and psychopathology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
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Volume |
1008 |
Issue |
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Pages |
189-200 |
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Keywords |
Affect/*physiology; Amygdala/blood supply; Animals; Anxiety/genetics/*psychology; Brain/*blood supply; Brain Stem/blood supply; Carrier Proteins/genetics; Electroencephalography; *Inhibition (Psychology); Macaca mulatta; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics; *Membrane Transport Proteins; *Nerve Tissue Proteins; Prefrontal Cortex/blood supply; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Social Environment; Temperament; Tomography, Emission-Computed |
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Abstract |
This paper demonstrates that the rhesus monkey provides an excellent model to study mechanisms underlying human anxiety and fear and emotion regulation. In previous studies with rhesus monkeys, stable, brain, endocrine, and behavioral characteristics related to individual differences in anxiety were found. It was suggested that, when extreme, these features characterize an anxious endophenotype and that these findings in the monkey are particularly relevant to understanding adaptive and maladaptive anxiety responses in humans. The monkey model is also relevant to understanding the development of human psychopathology. For example, children with extremely inhibited temperament are at increased risk to develop anxiety disorders, and these children have behavioral and biological alterations that are similar to those described in the monkey anxious endophenotype. It is likely that different aspects of the anxious endophenotype are mediated by the interactions of limbic, brain stem, and cortical regions. To understand the brain mechanisms underlying adaptive anxiety responses and their physiological concomitants, a series of studies in monkeys lesioning components of the neural circuitry (amygdala, central nucleus of the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex) hypothesized to play a role are currently being performed. Initial findings suggest that the central nucleus of the amygdala modulates the expression of behavioral inhibition, a key feature of the endophenotype. In preliminary FDG positron emission tomography (PET) studies, functional linkages were established between the amygdala and prefrontal cortical regions that are associated with the activation of anxiety. |
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Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53711, USA. nkalin@facstaff.wisc.edu |
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0077-8923 |
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PMID:14998885 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4133 |
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Author |
Heath-Lange, S.; Ha, J.C.; Sackett, G.P. |
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Title |
Behavioral measurement of temperament in male nursery-raised infant macaques and baboons |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
47 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
43-50 |
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Keywords |
Age Factors; Animal Technicians; Animals; Animals, Newborn/psychology; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Defecation; Facial Expression; Humans; Irritable Mood; Macaca fascicularis/*psychology; Male; Papio/*psychology; Sex Characteristics; Species Specificity; Temperament/*physiology; Urination; Vocalization, Animal; Weaning |
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We define temperament as an individual's set of characteristic behavioral responses to novel or challenging stimuli. This study adapted a temperament scale used with rhesus macaques by Schneider and colleagues [American Journal of Primatology 25:137-155, 1991] for use with male pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina, n = 7), longtailed macaque (M. fascicularis, n = 3), and baboon infants (Papio cynocephalus anubis, n = 4). Subjects were evaluated twice weekly for the first 5 months of age during routine removal from their cages for weighing. Behavioral measures were based on the subject's interactions with a familiar human caretaker and included predominant state before capture, response to capture, contact latency, resistance to tester's hold, degree of clinging, attention to environment, defecation/urination, consolability, facial expression, vocalizations, and irritability. Species differences indicated that baboons were more active than macaques in establishing or terminating contact with the tester. Temperament scores decreased over time for the variables Response to Capture and Contact Latency, indicating that as they grew older, subjects became less reactive and more bold in their interactions with the tester. Temperament scores changed slowly with age, with greater change occurring at younger ages. The retention of variability in reactivity between and within species may be advantageous for primates, reflecting the flexibility necessary to survive in a changing environment. |
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Department of Psychology and Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. crgsjh@vmmc.org |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:9888720 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4117 |
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Author |
Capitanio, J.P. |
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Title |
Personality dimensions in adult male rhesus macaques: prediction of behaviors across time and situation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
47 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
299-320 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Forecasting; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; *Personality; Psychometrics; Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
The idea that consistencies in behavior exist over time and across situations underlies human personality research. Although several studies have examined personality in nonhuman primates, there are very few data showing the predictive power of personality factors. The goal of the present study was to determine whether personality dimensions, identified in adult male rhesus monkeys living in half-acre cages, predicted behavior in situations different from the one from which the dimensions were originally derived and at time points of up to 4.5 years after the original assessments. Four personality dimensions (Sociability, Confidence, Excitability, and Equability) were identified using psychometric procedures and were correlated with behaviors recorded in several situations: the animals' natal groups, during tests of behavioral responsiveness while in individual cages, in small stable and unstable social groups, while viewing stimulus videotapes, and during stable social dyads. Results indicated substantial predictability. Sociability reflected a greater tendency to engage in affiliative interactions. Confidence correlated with more aggressive behaviors and with behaviors that suggest less attractiveness. Animals high in Excitability were somewhat inconsistent in their social behavior, perhaps reflecting hyper-responsiveness to novel circumstances and thwarted opportunities for escape. Equability appeared to be related to a less aggressive, more passive, style of interaction. Excitability and Equability appear to reflect more stylistic components of social behavior, whereas Sociability and Confidence may be more content-based dimensions. Sociability was strongly related to size of kin network in the animals' natal groups, suggesting an important role for ontogeny in this dimension. These data suggest that a limited number of personality dimensions exist in adult male rhesus macaques, and that these dimensions have predictive power that is both long-term and cross situational. |
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Department of Psychology and California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis 95616, USA. jpcapitanio@ucdavis.edu |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:10206208 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4116 |
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Author |
Schwartz, B.L.; Evans, S. |
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Title |
Episodic memory in primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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55 |
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2 |
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71-85 |
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Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination Learning; Hominidae/*psychology; Humans; *Memory; Self Concept |
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Episodic memory refers to a system of memory with the capacity to recollect specific events from an individual's life. Some psychologists have suggested that episodic memory is a uniquely human phenomenon. We challenge that idea and present evidence that great apes and other primates may possess episodic-like memory. We review criteria developed to assess episodic-like memory in nonhumans, and how they apply to primates. In particular, we discuss the criteria of Clayton et al. [2001], who stated that episodic-like memory is based on the retrieval of multiple and integrated components of an event. We then review eight studies examining memory in great apes and apply the Clayton et al. criteria to each of them. We summarize the evidence that is compatible with the existence of episodic-like memory, although none of the data completely satisfy the Clayton et al. criteria. Morover, feelings of pastness and feelings of confidence, which mark episodic memory in humans, have not been empirically addressed in nonhuman primates. Future studies should be directed at these aspects of memory in primates. We speculate on the functional significance of episodic memory in nonhuman primates. |
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Dept of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA. SchwartB@fiu.edu |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:11668526 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4115 |
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