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Author Zentall, T.R.; Sutton, J.E.; Sherburne, L.M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title True imitative learning in pigeons Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1996 Publication Psychol Sci Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 7 Issue Pages  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Zentall1996 Serial 6372  
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Author Meriggi,A.; Lovari, S. openurl 
  Title A Review of Wolf Predation in Southern Europe: Does the Wolf Prefer Wild Prey to Livestock? Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1996 Publication Journal of Applled Ecology Abbreviated Journal J. Appl. Ecol  
  Volume 33 Issue Pages 1561-1571  
  Keywords Canis lupus, conservation, food habits, prey abundance, prey availability.  
  Abstract 1. The recent recovery of the wolf in southern Europe has not yet removed the risk

of local extinction. Wolf populations are fragmented and often comprise fewer than

500 individuals. In North America, northern and eastern Europe, wolves feed maiiily

on wild herbivores. In southern Europe, this canid has apparently adapted to feed

also on fruit, rubbish, livestock, small and medium-size mammals.

2. The main conservation problem lies with predation o n domestic ~ingulates,w liich

leads to extensive killing of wolves. The reintroduction of wild large herbivores has

been advocated as a means of reducing attacks on livestock, but predatiori on the

latter may remain high if domestic ungulates are locally abundant.

3. Our synthesis of 15 studies, published in the last 15 years, on food habits of the

wolf in southern Europe, has shown that ungulates have been the main diet component

overall. A significant inverse correlation was found between the occurrence (%) of

wild and domestic ungulates in the diet. The presence of relatively few wild ungulate

species was necessary to reduce predation on livestock.

4. Selection of wild and domestic ungulate prey was influenced mainly by their local

abundance, but also by their accessibility. Feeding dependence on rubbish was local

and rare. In Italy, the consumption of riibbish/fruit and that of ungulates was significantly

negatively correlated. Diet breadth increased as the presence of large prey

in tlie diet decreased.

5. The simultaneous reintroduction of severa1 wild ungulate species is likely to reduce

predation on livestock and may prove to be one of the most effective conservation

measures.
 
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6387  
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Author Shmidt Mech, L.D. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Wolf pack size and food acquisition Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1997 Publication Am Nat Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 150 Issue Pages  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Shmidt Mech1997 Serial 6482  
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Author Kräußlich, H.; Brem, G. openurl 
  Title Tierzucht und allgemeine Landwirtschaftslehre für Tiermediziner Type Book Whole
  Year (up) 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
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  Publisher Enke Place of Publication Stuttgart Editor  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6542  
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Author Cooper, J.J. openurl 
  Title Comparative learning theory and its application in the training of horses Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1998 Publication Equine veterinary journal. Supplement Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J Suppl  
  Volume Issue 27 Pages 39-43  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); Horses/*psychology; *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology)  
  Abstract Training can best be explained as a process that occurs through stimulus-response-reinforcement chains, whereby animals are conditioned to associate cues in their environment, with specific behavioural responses and their rewarding consequences. Research into learning in horses has concentrated on their powers of discrimination and on primary positive reinforcement schedules, where the correct response is paired with a desirable consequence such as food. In contrast, a number of other learning processes that are used in training have been widely studied in other species, but have received little scientific investigation in the horse. These include: negative reinforcement, where performance of the correct response is followed by removal of, or decrease in, intensity of a unpleasant stimulus; punishment, where an incorrect response is paired with an undesirable consequence, but without consistent prior warning; secondary conditioning, where a natural primary reinforcer such as food is closely associated with an arbitrary secondary reinforcer such as vocal praise; and variable or partial conditioning, where once the correct response has been learnt, reinforcement is presented according to an intermittent schedule to increase resistance to extinction outside of training.  
  Address Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK  
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  Notes PMID:10485003 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 846  
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Author Dunbar, Robin I. M. doi  openurl
  Title The social brain hypothesis Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1998 Publication Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews Abbreviated Journal Evol. Anthropol.  
  Volume 6 Issue 5 Pages 178-190  
  Keywords brain size – neocortex – social brain hypothesis – social skills – mind reading – primates  
  Abstract Conventional wisdom over the past 160 years in the cognitive and neurosciences has assumed that brains evolved to process factual information about the world. Most attention has therefore been focused on such features as pattern recognition, color vision, and speech perception. By extension, it was assumed that brains evolved to deal with essentially ecological problem-solving tasks. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  
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  Notes Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioural Ecology at the University of Liverpool, England. His research primarily focuses on the behavioral ecology of ungulates and human and nonhuman primates, and on the cognitive mechanisms and brain components that underpin the decisions that animals make. He runs a large research group, with graduate students working on many different species on four continents. Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4371  
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Author Mench, J.A.; Morrow-Tesch, J.; Chu, L.-R. isbn  openurl
  Title Environmental enrichment for farm animals Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1998 Publication Lab Animal Abbreviated Journal Lab Anim.  
  Volume 27 Issue Pages 32-36  
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  ISSN ISBN ISSN : 0093-7355 Medium  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6188  
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Author Zohary, D.; Tchernov, E.; Horwitz, L.K. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The role of unconscious selection in the domestication of sheep and goats Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1998 Publication J Zool Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 245 Issue Pages  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Zohary1998 Serial 6240  
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Author Whiten, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Imitation of the sequential structure of actions by chimpanzees Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1998 Publication J Comp Psychol Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue Pages  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Whiten1998 Serial 6291  
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Author Breitenmoser, U. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Large predators in the Alps: the fall and rise of man's competitors Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1998 Publication Biol Conserv Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 83 Issue Pages  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Breitenmoser1998 Serial 6450  
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