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Keeling, L.J.; Bøe, K.E.; Christensen, J.W.; Hyyppä, S.; Jansson, H.; Jørgensen, G.H.M.; Ladewig, J.; Mejdell, C.M.; Särkijärvi, S.; Søndergaard, E.; Hartmann, E. |
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Injury incidence, reactivity and ease of handling of horses kept in groups: a matched case control study in four Nordic countries |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl Anim Behav Sci |
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horse; behaviour; reactivity; injury; welfare; management |
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Abstract There is increasing interest in keeping horses in groups, but progress is hampered by a lack of knowledge about which horses can and should be kept together. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effect of group composition on the occurrence of injuries among horses, the ease of removing horses from groups and horses’ reactivity to a fearful stimulus. Using a matched case control design, 61 groups of horses were studied in Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden. They were allocated into groups of similar or different age and sex or where membership changed regularly or remained stable. Injuries were recorded before mixing the horses into treatment groups, the day after mixing and four weeks later. Reactivity of horses to a moving novel object and the behaviour of a horse being removed from its group and the reactions of other group members towards this horse and the handler were evaluated. It was hypothesized that a more socially variable group composition has beneficial effects on behaviour, ease of handling and reducing reactivity whereas frequent changes in group composition has negative consequences, resulting in more injuries. We found that differences in treatment effects were mainly related to breed, rather than group composition. Icelandic horses reacted less to the movement of the novel object (P = 0.007) and approached it more afterwards (P = 0.04). They also had fewer new injuries than warmbloods following mixing (P < 0.001) and fewer than all other groups 4 weeks later (P < 0.01). Most new injuries after mixing were minor and recorded on the horse’s head, chest, hind legs and rump. In conclusion, variations in sex and age composition of the group had little effect on injury level, reactivity and ease of handling compared to the general effect of breed. Concerns about the risk of severe injuries associated with keeping horses in groups are probably overestimated. Thus, we propose that horses can be successfully kept in groups of different sex and age composition. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6020 |
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Hartmann, E.; Christensen, J.W.; McGreevy, P.D. |
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Dominance and leadership: Useful concepts in human-horse interactions? |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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Dominance hierarchies in horses primarily influence priority access to limited resources of any kind, resulting in predictable contest outcomes that potentially minimize aggressive encounters and associated risk of injury. Levels of aggression in group-kept horses under domestic conditions have been reported to be higher than in their feral counterparts but can often be attributed to sub-optimal management. Horse owners often express concerns about the risk of injuries occurring in group-kept horses but these concerns have not been substantiated by empirical investigations. What has not yet been sufficiently addressed are human safety aspects related to approaching and handling group-kept horses. Given horses? natural tendency to synchronize activity to promote group cohesion, questions remain about how group dynamics influence human-horse interactions. Group dynamics influence a variety of management scenarios, ranging from taking a horse out of its social group to the prospect of humans mimicking the horse?s social system by taking a putative leadership role and seeking after an alpha position in the dominance hierarchy to achieve compliance. Yet, there is considerable debate about whether the roles horses attain in their social group are of any relevance in their reactions to humans. This article reviews the empirical data on social dynamics in horses, focusing on dominance and leadership theories and the merits of incorporating those concepts into the human-horse context. This will provide a constructive framework for informed debate and valuable guidance for owners managing group-kept horses and for optimizing human-horse interactions. |
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Elsevier |
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0737-0806 |
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doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.015 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6048 |
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Albright, J.; Sun, X.; Houpt, K. |
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Does cribbing behavior in horses vary with dietary taste or direct gastric stimuli? |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl Anim Behav Sci |
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Horse; Stereotypy; Cribbing; Diet |
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Abstract Concentrated feed diets have been shown to drastically increase the rate of the cribbing, an oral stereotypy in horses, but the specific component causing the rise has not been identified. Furthermore, the mechanism through which feed affects cribbing has not been explored. In the first experiment of this study, we quantified the latency to crib and number of cribs in 15 min after the horses tasted various grain, sugar, and artificial sweetener solutions. Undiluted grain stimulated the most cribs (P < 0.01) compared with all other solutions, and shortest latency to crib, although this was significantly higher only when compared with diluted grain (P = 0.03). In Experiment 2, latency to crib and number of cribs in 15 min after the grain and sugar solutions were administered via nasograstric tube were also evaluated. There were no statistical differences among cribbing responses to grain, fructose, and water administered directly to the stomach although grain stimulated cribbing behavior more quickly than 10% fructose (P = 0.03) and 100% tap water (P = 0.04). These results confirm that highly palatable diets, possibly mediated through the opioid and dopaminergic systems, are one of the most potent inducers of cribbing behavior. The highly palatable taste remains the probable “cribogenic” factor of concentrated diet, although gastric and post-gastric effects cannot be excluded. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6123 |
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Pongrácz |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6199 |
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Van Horik, J.; Clayton, N.; Emery, N. |
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Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology |
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Oxford University Press |
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New York |
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Vonk, J.; Shackelford, T. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6403 |
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Dickman AJ, Macdonald EA, Macdonald DW. A review of financial instruments to pay for predator conservation and encourage human-carnivore coexistence. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2011;108:19836-6 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref2 |
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6443 |
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Stöter F-R, Schoeffler M, Edler B, Herre J. Human ability of counting the number of instruments in polyphonic music. Proc Meetings Acoust. 2013;19:035034-4 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref32 |
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6473 |
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VSO Downloader. Copyright VSO Software SARL. VSO-Software SARL Bat A, 1er Etage,109 Avenue de Lespinet, 31400 Toulouse |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref52 |
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6493 |
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4Free Video Converter. 4 Free Studio. Copyright© 2000~2015 4Free Video Converter Inc. a Multimedia Utility Company |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref53 |
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6494 |
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9 |
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5 |
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265 |
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2076-2615 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref2 |
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6571 |
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