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Normando, S.; Meers, L.; Samuels, W.E.; Faustini, M.; Ödberg, F.O. |
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Title |
Variables affecting the prevalence of behavioural problems in horses. Can riding style and other management factors be significant? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
133 |
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3-4 |
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186-198 |
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Keywords |
Horse; Management; Problem behaviour; Riding style; Saddle; Stereotypies |
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The effects of riding style and various management factors on the prevalence of stereotypies and other behavioural problems among 346 mixed-breed saddle horses (phase 1) and 101 Arabian horses (phase 2) were analysed through a questionnaire answered by owners. In phase 1, the questionnaire data were partially validated through 20-min observations of 81 (23.3%) of the cases. Results indicate that horses primarily ridden in the English style were reported to be significantly more likely to display stereotypies (p < 0.001), problems when transported (p = 0.001), multiple behavioural problems (p < 0.001), and to have more restrictive stabling (p < 0.001) than horses ridden with other styles. When only Arabian horses were assessed in phase 2, however, there was no significant difference in behavioural problems between the Arabian horses ridden English style versus other riding styles. However Arabian horses were housed less restrictively than horses in phase 1 and English riding style and restrictive stabling tended to exacerbate each other's association with stereotypies. Management-related effects were found when, e.g., horses housed in restrictive stabling were more frequently reported to show locomotion stereotypies (p = 0.02) and those denied ad libitum hay displayed stereotypic wood-chewing behaviour (p = 0.02). To aid diagnosing and prioritizing interventions and care, the most predictive subsets of factors were computed for the various problem behaviours. E.g., among saddle horses, a statistical model comprised of the main riding style, duration of access to a paddock, and horse's age predicted whether a horse was reported to display any behavioural problem 62% of the time. This study supports the effects of management and handling on the prevalence of behavioural problems, and helps prioritize the relative importance of broad management categories on equine welfare. In particular, it underscores the importance of riding style on the well-being of saddle horses. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5399 |
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Redbo, I.; Redbo-Torstensson, P.; Ödberg, F.O.; Hedendahl, A.; Holm, J. |
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Title |
Factors affecting behavioural disturbances in race-horses |
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1998 |
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Animal Science |
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66 |
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2 |
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475-481 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 30; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4541 |
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Author |
Ödberg, F. |
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Title |
History of schooling and its relation with conditioning laws and welfare |
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Conference Article |
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2012 |
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Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
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Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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While writings from the Hittite Kikkuli and the Greek hippiatrica concerned stamina training and mainly veterinary aspects, the first explicit writings left about schooling are from the hand of Xenophon. He showed already a plight to understand the horse’s behaviour and apply an animal-friendly schooling. What happened in Roman times and early middle ages is unclear through a lack of documents. Literature increased in late middle ages (a few Iberic authors and the Italian Rusius) but remained scarce. One presumes knights were brutal because of the strength of bits and spurs, but iconography shows also horses ridden without coercion. Linear progress in schooling cannot be found before the transition between the renaissance and baroque periods. Writings from renaissance masters such as Grisone, Fiaschi, Pignatelli and de la Broue, show a generally violent way of schooling (excepted Conte and Pavari) strangely contrasting with appeals for kindness. One then observes from the 17th century authors to the 18th century baroque masters a gradual improvement concerning important aspects: evolving 1/ from anthropomorphism to understanding horse behaviour, and 2/ from coercion to obtaining gradually suppleness and applying the laws of physics concerning weight distribution. Many baroque and early 19th century masters had understood intuitively conditioning laws discovered scientifically in the 20th century by the Pavlovians and behaviourists. The essence of schooling was settled in the baroque period. It subsided unfortunately in the 19th (with better survival in Germany, Austria and Iberic countries) because of a/ more interest for racing and hunting, b/ the French revolution that closed academies and c/ mass army training. Pressure of competition in the 20th nearly eradicated academic tradition. In the second part we translate some fundamental riding principles into scientific terminology. “Independence of aids” is based on discrimination of stimuli and overshadowing. “Discretion of aids” on generalization and second-order conditioning. “Descente de mains et de jambes” on avoidance of habituation, of confusion, and of the impossibility to apply negative reward. “Legs without hands, hands without legs” on avoidance of experimental neurosis due to contradictory stimuli. Time permitting, processes such as positive social modelling and occasion setting will be explained. The above mentioned principles are rarely applied nowadays. The FEI holds a large responsibility in the acceptance, even institutionalizing, of a probably animal-unfriendly riding. It is also shameful that some schools, that for years, or even centuries, were the guardians of old principles, are relinquishing them under commercial pressure. All too often, modern riding is obviously animal-unfriendly for the intuitive rider. Scientists however seek facts. Frequency of conflict behaviours is an indicator at ethological level. However, some horses could be in learned helplessness. There is no litmus test for that (except complicated avoidance learning procedures). There is a need for physiological stress parameters according to breed, age, sex. Horses schooled according to different philosophies are often from different breeds making matched-pairs studies difficult. The important role of pre- and postnatal experience complicates precise scientific evaluation in everyday equine practice. One cannot standardize ontogeny in horses as in laboratory animals. Keywords: academic riding principles, history, learning theory, welfare KW - |
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Odberg, F. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5532 |
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Author |
Ödberg, F.O. |
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A Study of the Hearing Ability of Horses |
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1978 |
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Equine Veterinary Journal |
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10 |
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2 |
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82-84 |
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SUMMARY The ability of 10 horses to hear frequencies between 14 and 25 Kc/s was tested. The horses appeared to perceive ultrasounds by showing either fright reactions or Pryer reflexes to all of the 12 frequencies. The highest frequencies were heard less by older animals, and elicited more reactions in geldings than in mares. RÉSUMÉ Le pouvoir auditif de 10 chevaux à entendre des fréquences comprises entre 14 et 25 kilocycles a étééprouvée. Les chevaux semblent percevoir des ultrasons en réagissant par des attitudes de frayeur ou par des réflexes de PRYER à toutes les fréquences étudiées. Les fréquences les plus élevées sont perues moins facilement par les chevaux agés et provoquèrent des réactions plus vives chez les hongres que chez les juments. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Bei 10 Pferden wurde die Fähigkeit untersucht, Frequenzen zwischen 14 und 25 Kc/sec zu hören. Die Pferde schienen Ultraschall hören zu können: sie manifestierten Angst oder Pryer-Reflexe bei allen 12 Frequenzen. Die höchsten Frequenzen konnten von älteren Tieren weniger gut wahrgenommen werden; sie riefen auch bei Wallachen stärkere Reaktionen hervor als bei Stuten. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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2042-3306 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5230 |
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Ödberg, F.O. |
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An interpretation of pawing by the horse (Equus caballus Linnaeus), displacement activity and original functions |
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1973 |
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Säuget. Mitt. |
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21 |
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1 |
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1-12 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 6; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4536 |
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