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Author |
Kräußlich, H.; Brem, G. |
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Title |
Tierzucht und allgemeine Landwirtschaftslehre für Tiermediziner |
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Book Whole |
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Year |
1997 |
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Enke |
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Stuttgart |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6542 |
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Author |
Cooper, J.J. |
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Title |
Comparative learning theory and its application in the training of horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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27 |
Pages |
39-43 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); Horses/*psychology; *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
Training can best be explained as a process that occurs through stimulus-response-reinforcement chains, whereby animals are conditioned to associate cues in their environment, with specific behavioural responses and their rewarding consequences. Research into learning in horses has concentrated on their powers of discrimination and on primary positive reinforcement schedules, where the correct response is paired with a desirable consequence such as food. In contrast, a number of other learning processes that are used in training have been widely studied in other species, but have received little scientific investigation in the horse. These include: negative reinforcement, where performance of the correct response is followed by removal of, or decrease in, intensity of a unpleasant stimulus; punishment, where an incorrect response is paired with an undesirable consequence, but without consistent prior warning; secondary conditioning, where a natural primary reinforcer such as food is closely associated with an arbitrary secondary reinforcer such as vocal praise; and variable or partial conditioning, where once the correct response has been learnt, reinforcement is presented according to an intermittent schedule to increase resistance to extinction outside of training. |
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Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK |
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English |
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PMID:10485003 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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846 |
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Author |
Blunden, A.S.; Smith, K.C.; Whitwell, K.E.; Dunn, K.A. |
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Title |
Systemic infection by equid herpesvirus-1 in a Grevy's zebra stallion (Equus grevyi) with particular reference to genital pathology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Pathology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Pathol |
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Volume |
119 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
485-493 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Zoo; Epididymis/pathology/virology; Equidae/*virology; Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis/pathology/*veterinary; Herpesvirus 1, Equid/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity; Lymph Nodes/pathology/virology; Male; Nasal Mucosa/pathology/virology; Pulmonary Edema/pathology; Spleen/virology; Testis/*pathology/virology |
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A severe multi-systemic form of equid herpesvirus-1 infection is described in an adult zebra stallion. There was multifocal necrotizing rhinitis, marked hydrothorax and pulmonary oedema, with viral antigen expression in degenerating epithelial cells, local endothelial cells and intravascular leucocytes of the nasal mucosa and lung. Specific localization of EHV-1 infection was seen in the testes and epididymides, including infection of Leydig cells and germinal epithelium, which would have facilitated venereal shedding of virus in life. The case provided a unique opportunity to study hitherto undescribed aspects of the pathogenesis of naturally occurring EHV-1 infection in the male equine genital tract. Restriction digests of the isolate demonstrated a pattern similar to that of EHV-1 isolates previously recovered from aborted zebra and onager fetuses. |
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Animal Health Trust Centre for Preventive Medicine, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK |
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0021-9975 |
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PMID:9839210 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2239 |
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Author |
Dunbar, Robin I. M. |
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Title |
The social brain hypothesis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Anthropol. |
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6 |
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5 |
Pages |
178-190 |
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Keywords |
brain size – neocortex – social brain hypothesis – social skills – mind reading – primates |
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Abstract |
Conventional wisdom over the past 160 years in the cognitive and neurosciences has assumed that brains evolved to process factual information about the world. Most attention has therefore been focused on such features as pattern recognition, color vision, and speech perception. By extension, it was assumed that brains evolved to deal with essentially ecological problem-solving tasks. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioural Ecology at the University of Liverpool, England. His research primarily focuses on the behavioral ecology of ungulates and human and nonhuman primates, and on the cognitive mechanisms and brain components that underpin the decisions that animals make. He runs a large research group, with graduate students working on many different species on four continents. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4371 |
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Author |
Byrne, R. W.; Russon, A. E. |
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Title |
Learning by imitation: a hierachical approach |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
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Behav. Brain Sci. |
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21 |
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667-721 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5598 |
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Author |
Vetvik, H.; Grewal, H.M.S.; Haugen, I.L.; Åhrén, C.; Haneberg, B. |
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Title |
Mucosal antibodies can be measured in air-dried samples of saliva and feces |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
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Journal of Immunological Methods |
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215 |
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1–2 |
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163-172 |
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Saliva; Feces; IgA; IgG; Air-drying |
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IgA antibodies reflecting airways or intestinal mucosal immune responses can be found in saliva and feces, respectively, and IgG antibodies reflecting serum antibodies can be found in saliva. In this study, antibodies were detected in samples of saliva and feces which had been air-dried at room temperature (+20°C) or +37°C, and stored at these temperatures for up to 6 months. In saliva the antibody levels increased, while the antibodies in feces decreased upon storage. The individual IgA antibody concentrations which were adjusted by using the ratios of specific IgA/total IgA were relatively stable in both saliva and feces, and correlated with corresponding antibody levels in samples which had been stored at -20°C. The results indicate that air-dried saliva and feces can be used for semiquantitative measurements of mucosal antibodies, even after prolonged storage at high temperatures and lack of refrigeration. |
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0022-1759 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5996 |
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Author |
Daniel, J.C.; Mikulka, P.J. |
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Title |
Discrimination learning in the white rhinoceros |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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58 |
Issue |
1–2 |
Pages |
197-202 |
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Keywords |
Rhinoceros; Learning |
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This study examined the ability of two adult white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) to develop a visual discrimination between an open circle and a triangle. These stimuli were presented as black symbols on large white cards. The cards were presented 4.6 m apart and a food reward was given if the subject approached the open circle. Ten discrimination choices were given daily until each subject reached the criterion of 80% correct responding over a block of 50 trials. The female reached the criterion over trials 151–200, while the male required considerably longer (trials 501–550). The male's discrimination was dramatically affected by a shift in the food reward. This study demonstrates that these rhinos were able to develop a successful discrimination and this protocol could be used to further examine their visual acuity. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6145 |
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Author |
Klingel, H. |
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Title |
Observations on social organization and behaviour of African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Anim Behav Sci |
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60 |
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2 |
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103-113 |
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Equus africanus Equus hemionus Territoriality |
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1This paper appears with kind permission of Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg. It was originally published in Z. Tierpsychol., 44, 323-331 (1977), ISSN 0044-3573/ASTM-Coden: ZETIAG.1
Abstract
African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) live in unstable groups or herds of variable composition. Some of the adult stallions are territorial in large territories in which they tolerate other ♂♂. The territorial ♂♂ are dominant over all their conspecifics |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6173 |
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Mench, J.A.; Morrow-Tesch, J.; Chu, L.-R. |
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Environmental enrichment for farm animals |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Lab Animal |
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Lab Anim. |
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27 |
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32-36 |
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ISSN : 0093-7355 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6188 |
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Zohary, D.; Tchernov, E.; Horwitz, L.K. |
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Title |
The role of unconscious selection in the domestication of sheep and goats |
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1998 |
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J Zool |
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245 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Zohary1998 |
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6240 |
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