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Author |
Macphail, E.M. |
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Title |
Cognitive function in mammals: the evolutionary perspective |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Brain research. Cognitive brain research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Res Cogn Brain Res |
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3 |
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3-4 |
Pages |
279-290 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/*physiology; Evolution; Humans; Learning/*physiology; Task Performance and Analysis |
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Abstract |
The work of behavioural pharmacologists has concentrated on small animals, such as rodents and pigeons. The validity of extrapolation of their findings to humans depends upon the existence of parallels in both physiology and psychology between these animals and humans. This paper considers the question whether there are in fact substantial cognitive parallels between, first, different non-human groups of vertebrates and, second, non-humans and humans. Behavioural data from 'simple' tasks, such as habituation and conditioning, do not point to species differences among vertebrates. Using examples that concentrate on the performance of rodents and birds, it is argued that, similarly, data from more complex tasks (learning-set formation, transitive inference, and spatial memory serve as examples) reveal few if any cognitive differences amongst non-human vertebrates. This conclusion supports the notion that association formation may be the critical problem-solving process available to non-human animals; associative mechanisms are assumed to have evolved to detect causal links between events, and would therefore be relevant in all ecological niches. In agreement with this view, recent advances in comparative neurology show striking parallels in functional organisation of mammalian and avian telencephalon. Finally, it is argued that although the peculiarly human capacity for language marks a large cognitive contrast between humans and non-humans, there is good evidence-in particular, from work on implicit learning--that the learning mechanisms available to non--humans are present and do play an important role in human cognition. |
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Department of Psychology, University of York at Heslington, UK |
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0926-6410 |
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PMID:8806029 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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603 |
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Author |
Treichler, F.R.; Van Tilburg, D. |
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Title |
Concurrent Conditional Discrimination Tests of Transitive Inference by Macaque Monkeys: List Linking |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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22 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
105-117 |
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Abstract |
Processing of serial information was assessed by training six macaques on a five-item list of objects arranged into the four conditional pairs, A-B+, B-C+, C-D+, and D-E+. An analogous list (F through J) was similarly trained. Subsequently, both lists were linked by training on E-F+, a pair that provided adjacent elements from each list. Then, all unique and trained object pairs from both lists were presented as a test. Results indicated that the objects were retained as a single, linearly organized list with choice accuracy directly related to interitem distance between paired objects. A second experiment explored the consequences of incidence of conflicting information on list organization. In both experiments, selections depended on representational processes and supported the view that monkeys and pigeons retain serial lists in qualitatively different ways. |
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718 |
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Whiten, A.; Custance, D.M.; Gomez, J.C.; Teixidor, P.; Bard, K.A. |
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Title |
Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
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110 |
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1 |
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3-14 |
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Animals; Child, Preschool; Discrimination Learning; Female; Food Preferences/*psychology; *Fruit; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Mental Recall; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Social Environment |
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Observational learning in chimpanzees and young children was investigated using an artificial fruit designed as an analog of natural foraging problems faced by primates. Each of 3 principal components could be removed in 2 alternative ways, demonstration of only one of which was watched by each subject. This permitted subsequent imitation by subjects to be distinguished from stimulus enhancement. Children aged 2-4 years evidenced imitation for 2 components, but also achieved demonstrated outcomes through their own techniques. Chimpanzees relied even more on their own techniques, but they did imitate elements of 1 component of the task. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of chimpanzee imitation in a functional task designed to simulate foraging behavior hypothesized to be transmitted culturally in the wild. |
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Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland. aw2@st-andrews.ac.uk |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:8851548 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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744 |
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Author |
Kruska, D. |
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Title |
The effect of domestication on brain size and composition in the mink (Mustela vison) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
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J Zool |
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239 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Kruska1996 |
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6234 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Sutton, J.E.; Sherburne, L.M. |
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Title |
True imitative learning in pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Psychol Sci |
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7 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Zentall1996 |
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6372 |
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Author |
Meriggi,A.; Lovari, S. |
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Title |
A Review of Wolf Predation in Southern Europe: Does the Wolf Prefer Wild Prey to Livestock? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Journal of Applled Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Ecol |
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33 |
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Pages |
1561-1571 |
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Keywords |
Canis lupus, conservation, food habits, prey abundance, prey availability. |
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1. The recent recovery of the wolf in southern Europe has not yet removed the risk
of local extinction. Wolf populations are fragmented and often comprise fewer than
500 individuals. In North America, northern and eastern Europe, wolves feed maiiily
on wild herbivores. In southern Europe, this canid has apparently adapted to feed
also on fruit, rubbish, livestock, small and medium-size mammals.
2. The main conservation problem lies with predation o n domestic ~ingulates,w liich
leads to extensive killing of wolves. The reintroduction of wild large herbivores has
been advocated as a means of reducing attacks on livestock, but predatiori on the
latter may remain high if domestic ungulates are locally abundant.
3. Our synthesis of 15 studies, published in the last 15 years, on food habits of the
wolf in southern Europe, has shown that ungulates have been the main diet component
overall. A significant inverse correlation was found between the occurrence (%) of
wild and domestic ungulates in the diet. The presence of relatively few wild ungulate
species was necessary to reduce predation on livestock.
4. Selection of wild and domestic ungulate prey was influenced mainly by their local
abundance, but also by their accessibility. Feeding dependence on rubbish was local
and rare. In Italy, the consumption of riibbish/fruit and that of ungulates was significantly
negatively correlated. Diet breadth increased as the presence of large prey
in tlie diet decreased.
5. The simultaneous reintroduction of severa1 wild ungulate species is likely to reduce
predation on livestock and may prove to be one of the most effective conservation
measures. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6387 |
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Author |
Whiten A.; Byrne, R. W. (eds) |
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Title |
Machiavellian Intelligence II – Extensions and Evaluations |
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Book Whole |
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1997 |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge |
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Whiten A.; Byrne, R. W. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5233 |
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Author |
Russell, C.L.; Bard, K.A.; Adamson, L.B. |
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Title |
Social referencing by young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
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111 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
185-191 |
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Keywords |
happy & fear messages concerning novel objects from familiar human caregiver, social referencing, 14–41 mo old chimpanzees |
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Social referencing is the seeking of information from another individual and the use of that information to evaluate a situation. It is a well-documented ability in human infants but has not been studied experimentally in nonhuman primates. Seventeen young nursery-reared chimpanzees (14 to 41 months old) were observed in a standard social referencing paradigm in which they received happy and fear messages concerning novel objects from a familiar human caregiver. Each chimpanzee looked referentially at their caregiver, and the emotional messages that they received differentially influenced their gaze behavior and avoidance of the novel objects. It is concluded that chimpanzees can acquire information about their complex social and physical environments through social referencing and can use emotional information to alter their own behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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US: American Psychological Association |
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1939-2087(Electronic);0735-7036(Print) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1997-06365-008 |
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5603 |
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Author |
Palme, R.; Moestl, E. |
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Title |
Measurement of cortisol metabolites in faeces of sheep as a parameter of cortisol concentration in blood |
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Year |
1997 |
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Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Mammal. Biol. |
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62 |
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192-197 |
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glucocorticoids, metabolites, animal biology, sheep, immunoenzyme techniques, |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6044 |
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Author |
Shmidt Mech, L.D. |
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Title |
Wolf pack size and food acquisition |
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1997 |
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Am Nat |
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150 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Shmidt Mech1997 |
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6482 |
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