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Author | Hamilton, W.D. | ||||
Title | Geometry for the selfish herd | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1971 | Publication | Journal of theoretical biology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Theor. Biol. |
Volume | 31 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 295-311 |
Keywords | Animals; Anura; *Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Communication; Evolution; Fear; Metallurgy; *Models, Biological; Probability; Snakes; *Spatial Behavior | ||||
Abstract | This paper presents an antithesis to the view that gregarious behaviour is evolved through benefits to the population or species. Following Galton (1871) and Williams (1964) gregarious behaviour is considered as a form of cover-seeking in which each animal tries to reduce its chance of being caught by a predator. It is easy to see how pruning of marginal individuals can maintain centripetal instincts in already gregarious species; some evidence that marginal pruning actually occurs is summarized. Besides this, simply defined models are used to show that even in non-gregarious species selection is likely to favour individuals who stay close to others. Although not universal or unipotent, cover-seeking is a widespread and important element in animal aggregation, as the literature shows. Neglect of the idea has probably followed from a general disbelief that evolution can be dysgenic for a species. Nevertheless, selection theory provides no support for such disbelief in the case of species with outbreeding or unsubdivided populations. The model for two dimensions involves a complex problem in geometrical probability which has relevance also in metallurgy and communication science. Some empirical data on this, gathered from random number plots, is presented as of possible heuristic value. |
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0022-5193 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:5104951 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 771 | ||
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Author | Menzel, E.W.J. | ||||
Title | Communication about the environment in a group of young chimpanzees | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1971 | Publication | Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology | Abbreviated Journal | Folia Primatol (Basel) |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 220-232 |
Keywords | *Animal Communication; Animals; Environment; Fear; Leadership; *Pan troglodytes; Problem Solving; Social Behavior; Species Specificity; Vocalization, Animal | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0015-5713 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:5120654 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4184 | ||
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Author | Feist, J.D.; McCullough, D.R. | ||||
Title | Behavior patterns and communication in feral horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1976 | Publication | Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie | Abbreviated Journal | Z. Tierpsychol. |
Volume | 41 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 337-371 |
Keywords | *Animal Communication; Animals; Female; *Horses; Male; Maternal Behavior; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance | ||||
Abstract | The social behavior of feral horses was studied in the western United States. Stable harem groups with a dominant stallion and bachelor hermaphrodite hermaphrodite groups occupied overlapping home ranges. Groups spacing, but not territoriality, was expressed. Harem group, stability resulted from strong dominance by dominant stallions, and fidelity of group members. Eliminations of group members were usually marked by urine of the dominant stallion. Hermaphrodite-hermaphrodite aggression involved spacing between harems and dominance in bachelor groups. Marking with feces was important in hermaphrodite-hermaphrodite interactions. Foaling occurred in May and early June, following the post-partum estrous. All breeding was done by harem stallions. Young were commonly nursed through yearling age. These horses showed social organizations similar to other feral horses and plains zebras. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0044-3573 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:983427 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3995 | ||
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Author | Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Marler, P. | ||||
Title | Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: evidence of predator classification and semantic communication | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1980 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
Volume | 210 | Issue | 4471 | Pages | 801-803 |
Keywords | *Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cercopithecidae/*physiology; *Fear; Female; Male; Predatory Behavior; Vocalization, Animal | ||||
Abstract | Vervet monkeys give different alarm calls to different predators. Recordings of the alarms played back when predators were absent caused the monkeys to run into trees for leopard alarms, look up for eagle alarms, and look down for snake alarms. Adults call primarily to leopards, martial eagles, and pythons, but infants give leopard alarms to various mammals, eagle alarms to many birds, and snake alarms to various snakelike objects. Predator classification improves with age and experience. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0036-8075 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:7433999 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 351 | ||
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Author | Keiper, R.R. | ||||
Title | Social structure | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1986 | Publication | The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice | Abbreviated Journal | Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract |
Volume | 2 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 465-484 |
Keywords | Animal Communication; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Dominance-Subordination; Female; *Hierarchy, Social; Homing Behavior; *Horses; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior; *Social Dominance | ||||
Abstract | Socially feral horses live in stable social groups characterized by one adult male, a number of adult females, and their offspring up to 2 years of age. Extra males either live by themselves or with other males in bachelor groups. The bands occupy nondefended home ranges that often overlap. Many abnormal behaviors seen in domestic horses occur because some aspect of their normal social behavior cannot be carried out in captivity. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0749-0739 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:3492240 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 675 | ||
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Author | Chalmeau, R.; Gallo, A. | ||||
Title | Cooperation in primates: Critical analysis of behavioural criteria | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 35 | Issue | 1-3 | Pages | 101-111 |
Keywords | Cognition; Communication; Cooperation; Evolution; Primates | ||||
Abstract | Concerning hunting in chimpanzees, cooperation has generally been attributed to the behaviour of two or more individuals acting together to achieve a common goal (Boesch and Boesch, 1989). The common goal is often considered as the concrete result of a common action by two or several individuals. Although this result could be used as a criterion for cooperation, it could also be an outcome due to chance. We suggest that the goal, viewed as a concrete benefit shared by the partners, is not a requisite of cooperation but rather a possible consequence of a common action largely submitted to social constraints. Individuals engaged in a cooperative task in order to solve a problem have to exchange information to adjust to each other's behaviour. However, evidence of communication between partners during simultaneous cooperation is rare. An experiment in which two chimpanzees each had to simultaneously pull a handle to get a fruit was performed. We analysed not only the concrete result of the partners' activity but also what the individuals took into account before pulling a handle. We tried to specify what the chimpanzees learned by means of a series of logical propositions which we were able to confront the experimental results. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 570 | ||
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Author | Hart, D.; Whitlow, J.W.J. | ||||
Title | The experience of self in the bottlenose dolphin | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Consciousness and Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Conscious Cogn |
Volume | 4 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 244-247 |
Keywords | Animal Communication; Animals; *Awareness; Body Image; Dolphins/*psychology; Female; Humans; Male; *Self Concept; Social Behavior; Species Specificity; *Television; *Visual Perception | ||||
Abstract | Marten and Psarakos have presented some evidence which suggests that objective self-awareness and possibly representations of self may characterize the dolphins' experience of self. Their research demonstrates the possibility of similarities in the sense of self between primate species and dolphins, although whether dolphins have subjective self-awareness, personal memories, and theories of self--all important facets of the sense of self in humans--was not examined. Clearly, even this limited evidence was difficult to achieve; the difficulties in adapting methods and coding behavior are quite apparent in their report. Future progress, however, may depend upon clarification of what are the necessary components for a sense of self and an explication of how these might be reflected in dolphin behavior. We are mindful of the authors' point (pp. 219 and 220) that the dolphin lives more in an acoustic than a visual environment. Thus, while tasks relying upon vision may reveal the presence or absence of the sense of self in primates, it might well be the case that in dolphins self-related experiences might be better revealed in auditory tasks. But then, what is the nature of human self-awareness in terms of audition? While both conceptual and methodological hurdles remain, Marten and Psarakos have demonstrated that important questions can be asked about the minds and phenomenal worlds of nonanthropoid species. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey 08102, USA | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1053-8100 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:8521264 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4162 | ||
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Author | Anderson, J.R. | ||||
Title | Self-recognition in dolphins: credible cetaceans; compromised criteria, controls, and conclusions | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Consciousness and Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Conscious Cogn |
Volume | 4 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 239-243 |
Keywords | Animal Communication; Animals; *Awareness; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/*psychology; Female; Male; Orientation; *Self Concept; Social Behavior; *Television; *Visual Perception | ||||
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Address | Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie, CNRS URA 1295, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1053-8100 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:8521263 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4163 | ||
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Author | Marten, K.; Psarakos, S. | ||||
Title | Using self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Consciousness and Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Conscious Cogn |
Volume | 4 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 205-224 |
Keywords | Animal Communication; Animals; *Attention; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/*psychology; Female; Male; *Self Concept; *Social Behavior; *Television; *Visual Perception | ||||
Abstract | In mirror mark tests dolphins twist, posture, and engage in open-mouth and head movements, often repetitive. Because postures and an open mouth are also dolphin social behaviors, we used self-view television as a manipulatable mirror to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior. Two dolphins were exposed to alternating real-time self-view (“mirror mode”) and playback of the same to determine if they distinguished between them. The adult male engaged in elaborate open-mouth behaviors in mirror mode, but usually just watched when played back the same material. Mirror mode behavior was also compared to interacting with real dolphins (controls). Mark tests were conducted, as well as switches from front to side self-views to see if the dolphins turned. They presented marked areas to the self-view television and turned. The results suggest self-examination over social behavior. | ||||
Address | Earthtrust, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1053-8100 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:8521259 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4164 | ||
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Author | Wasserman, E.A. | ||||
Title | The science of animal cognition: past, present, and future | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume | 23 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 123-135 |
Keywords | Animal Communication; Animal Population Groups/*psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Behavioral Sciences/*trends; *Cognition; Evolution; Forecasting; Humans; Intelligence | ||||
Abstract | The field of animal cognition is strongly rooted in the philosophy of mind and in the theory of evolution. Despite these strong roots, work during the most famous and active period in the history of our science-the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s-may have diverted us from the very questions that were of greatest initial interest to the comparative analysis of learning and behavior. Subsequently, the field has been in steady decline despite its increasing breadth and sophistication. Renewal of the field of animal cognition may require a return to the original questions of animal communication and intelligence using the most advanced tools of modern psychological science. Reclaiming center stage in contemporary psychology will be difficult; planning that effort with a host of strategies should enhance the chances of success. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1407, USA. ed-wasserman@uiowa.edu | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:9095537 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2779 | ||
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