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	Author	Whiten, A.
	Title	Social complexity and social intelligence			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Novartis Foundation Symposium	Abbreviated Journal	Novartis Found Symp
	Volume	233	Issue		Pages	185-96; discussion 196-201
	Keywords	Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology; Humans; Intelligence/physiology; Learning; Models, Psychological; Primates; *Social Behavior; Social Problems
	Abstract	When we talk of the 'nature of intelligence', or any other attribute, we may be referring to its essential structure, or to its place in nature, particularly the function it has evolved to serve. Here I examine both, from the perspective of the evolution of intelligence in primates. Over the last 20 years, the Social (or 'Machiavellian') Intelligence Hypothesis has gained empirical support. Its core claim is that the intelligence of primates is primarily an adaptation to the special complexities of primate social life. In addition to this hypothesis about the function of intellect, a secondary claim is that the very structure of intelligence has been moulded to be 'social' in character, an idea that presents a challenge to orthodox views of intelligence as a general-purpose capacity. I shall outline the principal components of social intelligence and the environment of social complexity it engages with. This raises the question of whether domain specificity is an appropriate characterization of social intelligence and its subcomponents, like theory of mind. As a counter-argument to such specificity I consider the hypothesis that great apes exhibit a cluster of advanced cognitive abilities that rest on a shared capacity for second-order mental representation.
	Address	School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JU, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1528-2511	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11276903			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2084
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	Author	Meunier, H.; Leca, J.B.; Deneubourg, J.L.; Petit, O.
	Title	Group movement decisions in capuchin monkeys: the utility of an experimental study and a mathematical model to explore the relationship between individual and collective behaviours			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	143	Issue		Pages	1511-1527
	Keywords	animal society – collective decision-making – primates – group movement – mathematical modeling
	Abstract	In primate groups, collective movements are typically described as processes dependent on leadership mechanisms. However, in some species, decision-making includes negotiations and distributed leadership. These facts suggest that simple underlying processes may explain certain decision mechanisms during collective movements. To study such processes, we have designed experiments on white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) during which we provoked collective movements involving a binary choice. These experiments enabled us to analyse the spatial decisions of individuals in the group. We found that the underlying process includes anonymous mimetism, which means that each individual may influence all members of the group. To support this result, we created a mathematical model issued from our experimental data. A totally anonymous model does not fit perfectly with our experimental distribution. A more individualised model, which takes into account the specific behaviour of social peripheral individuals, revealed the validity of the mimetism hypothesis. Even though white-faced capuchins have complex cognitive abilities, a coexistence of anonymous and social mechanisms appears to influence their choice of direction during collective movements. The present approach may offer vital insights into the relationships between individual behaviours and their emergent collective acts.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2066
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	Author	Russon, A.E.; Galdikas, B.M.F.
	Title	*Constraints on great apes' imitation: Model and action selectivity in rehabilitant orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) imitation*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Comp. Psychol.
	Volume	109	Issue	1	Pages	5-17
	Keywords	*Imitation (Learning); Primates (Nonhuman)
	Abstract	We discuss selectivity in great ape imitation, on the basis of an observational study of spontaneous imitation in free-ranging rehabilitant orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Research on great ape imitation has neglected selectivity, although comparative evidence suggests it may be important. We observed orangutans in central Indonesian Borneo and assessed patterns in the models and actions they spontaneously imitated. The patterns we found resembled those reported in humans. Orangutans preferred models with whom they had positive affective relationships (e.g., important caregiver or older sibling) and actions that reflected their current competence, were receptively familiar, and were relevant to tasks that faced them. Both developmental and individual variability were found. We discuss the probable functions of imitation for great apes and the role of selectivity in directing it. We also make suggestions for more effective elicitation of imitation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Psychological Association	Place of Publication	Us	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1939-2087(Electronic);0735-7036(Print)	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1995-20268-001			Serial	5690
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	Author	Bermudez, J.L.
	Title	The moral significance of birth			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Ethics	Abbreviated Journal	Ethics
	Volume	106	Issue	2	Pages	378-403
	Keywords	Abortion, Induced; Animal Rights; Animals; Beginning of Human Life; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Ethical Analysis; Ethics; Fetus; Homicide; Humans; Individuality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infanticide; Labor, Obstetric; Life; Personhood; Philosophy; Primates; Psychology; Self Concept; *Value of Life; Analytical Approach; Genetics and Reproduction; Philosophical Approach
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0014-1704	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11656645; KIE: 31 fn.; KIE: KIE BoB Subject Heading: fetuses; KIE: KIE BoB Subject Heading: personhood			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4177
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	Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	What are big brains for?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
	Volume	99	Issue	7	Pages	4141-4142
	Keywords	Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology; Intelligence; Learning; Primates/anatomy & histology/psychology; Social Behavior
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. seyfarth@psych.upenn.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11929989			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	692
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	Author	Reader, S.M.; Laland, K.N.
	Title	Social intelligence, innovation, and enhanced brain size in primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
	Volume	99	Issue	7	Pages	4436-4441
	Keywords	Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology; Evolution; Intelligence; Learning; Primates/anatomy & histology/psychology; Social Behavior
	Abstract	Despite considerable current interest in the evolution of intelligence, the intuitively appealing notion that brain volume and “intelligence” are linked remains untested. Here, we use ecologically relevant measures of cognitive ability, the reported incidence of behavioral innovation, social learning, and tool use, to show that brain size and cognitive capacity are indeed correlated. A comparative analysis of 533 instances of innovation, 445 observations of social learning, and 607 episodes of tool use established that social learning, innovation, and tool use frequencies are positively correlated with species' relative and absolute “executive” brain volumes, after controlling for phylogeny and research effort. Moreover, innovation and social learning frequencies covary across species, in conflict with the view that there is an evolutionary tradeoff between reliance on individual experience and social cues. These findings provide an empirical link between behavioral innovation, social learning capacities, and brain size in mammals. The ability to learn from others, invent new behaviors, and use tools may have played pivotal roles in primate brain evolution.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, High Street, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, United Kingdom
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11891325			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2149
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	Author	Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J.
	Title	Why Culture is Common, but Cultural Evolution is Rare			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Proceedings of the British Academy	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Br Acad
	Volume	88	Issue		Pages	73-93
	Keywords	cultural distributed evolution primates
	Abstract	If culture is defined as variation acquired and maintained by social learning, then culture is common in nature. However, cumulative cultural evolution resulting in behaviors that no individual could invent on their own is limited to humans, song birds, and perhaps chimpanzees. Circumstantial evidence suggests that cumulative cultural evolution requires the capacity for observational learning. Here, we analyze two models the evolution of psychological capacities that allow cumulative cultural evolution. Both models suggest that the conditions which allow the evolution of such capacities when rare are much more stringent than the conditions which allow the maintenance of the capacities when common. This result follows from the fact that the assumed benefit of the capacities, cumulative cultural adaptation, cannot occur when the capacities are rare. These results suggest why such capacities may be rare in nature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Royal Society/British Academy	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/cgi-bin/somsid.cgi?page=summaries/pba88#boyd			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4195
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	Author	Lefebvre, L.; Reader, S.M.; Sol, D.
	Title	Brains, Innovations and Evolution in Birds and Primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Brain, Behavior and Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Brain. Behav. Evol.
	Volume	63	Issue	4	Pages	233-246
	Keywords	Innovation W Brain evolution W Hyperstriatum ventrale W Neostriatum W Isocortex W Birds W Primates W Tool use W Invasion biology
	Abstract	Abstract Several comparative research programs have focusedon the cognitive, life history and ecological traits thataccount for variation in brain size. We review one ofthese programs, a program that uses the reported frequencyof behavioral innovation as an operational measureof cognition. In both birds and primates, innovationrate is positively correlated with the relative size of associationareas in the brain, the hyperstriatum ventrale andneostriatum in birds and the isocortex and striatum inprimates. Innovation rate is also positively correlatedwith the taxonomic distribution of tool use, as well asinterspecific differences in learning. Some features ofcognition have thus evolved in a remarkably similar wayin primates and at least six phyletically-independent avianlineages. In birds, innovation rate is associated withthe ability of species to deal with seasonal changes in theenvironment and to establish themselves in new regions,and it also appears to be related to the rate atwhich lineages diversify. Innovation rate provides a usefultool to quantify inter-taxon differences in cognitionand to test classic hypotheses regarding the evolution ofthe brain.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0006-8977	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4738
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.
	Title	The integration of dominance and social bonding in primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	The Quarterly review of biology	Abbreviated Journal	Q Rev Biol
	Volume	61	Issue	4	Pages	459-479
	Keywords	Animals; Female; Humans; Male; Object Attachment; Primates; *Social Dominance
	Abstract	Social dominance is usually viewed from the perspective of intragroup competition over access to limited resources. The present paper, while not denying the importance of such competition, discusses the dominance concept among monkeys and apes in the context of affiliative bonding, social tolerance, and the reconciliation of aggressive conflicts. Two basic proximate mechanisms are supposed to provide a link between dominance and interindividual affiliation, namely, formalization of the dominance relationship (i.e., unequivocal communication of status), and conditional reassurance (i.e., the linkage of friendly coexistence to formalization of the relationship). Ritualized submission is imposed upon losers of dominance struggles by winners; losers are offered a “choice” between continued hostility or a tolerant relationship with a clearly signalled difference in status. If these two social mechanisms are lacking, aggression is bound to have dispersive effects. In their presence, aggression becomes a well-integrated, even constructive component of social life. In some higher primates this process of integration has reached the stage where status differences are strongly attenuated. In these species, sharing and trading can take the place of overt competition. The views underlying this “reconciled hierarchy” model are only partly new, as is evident from a review of the ethological literature. Many points are illustrated with data on a large semi-captive colony of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), particularly data related to striving for status, reconciliation behavior, and general association patterns. These observations demonstrate that relationships among adult male chimpanzees cannot be described in terms of a dichotomy between affiliative and antagonistic tendencies. Male bonding in this species has not been achieved by an elimination of aggression, but by a set of powerful buffering mechanisms that mitigate its effects. Although female chimpanzees do exhibit a potential for bonding under noncompetitive conditions, they appear to lack the buffering mechanisms of the males.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-5770	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3543991			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	210
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	Author	Pérez-Barbería, F.J.; Shultz, S.; Dunbar, R.I.M.; Janis, C.
	Title	Evidence For Coevolution Of Sociality And Relative Brain Size In Three Orders Of Mammals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	61	Issue	12	Pages	2811-2821
	Keywords	Brain size, carnivores, coevolution, primates, sociality, ungulates
	Abstract	Abstract As the brain is responsible for managing an individual's behavioral response to its environment, we should expect that large relative brain size is an evolutionary response to cognitively challenging behaviors. The â€œsocial brain hypothesisâ€ argues that maintaining group cohesion is cognitively demanding as individuals living in groups need to be able to resolve conflicts that impact on their ability to meet resource requirements. If sociality does impose cognitive demands, we expect changes in relative brain size and sociality to be coupled over evolutionary time. In this study, we analyze data on sociality and relative brain size for 206 species of ungulates, carnivores, and primates and provide, for the first time, evidence that changes in sociality and relative brain size are closely correlated over evolutionary time for all three mammalian orders. This suggests a process of coevolution and provides support for the social brain theory. However, differences between taxonomic orders in the stability of the transition between small-brained/nonsocial and large-brained/social imply that, although sociality is cognitively demanding, sociality and relative brain size can become decoupled in some cases. Carnivores seem to have been especially prone to this.
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00229.x			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4781
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